Chlorophylls derived from microalgae are natural bioactive pigments with significant medicinal potential. This review discusses the structure, functions, and potential medicinal effects of chlorophylls from microalgae, focusing on their extraction methods and applications in health and medicine. Chlorophyll is a key photosynthetic pigment in plants and algae, playing a vital role in energy capture and transfer. Its structure and chemical properties influence its biological activity, making it a promising candidate for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer applications. Chlorophylls are widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, and their natural origin makes them safer than synthetic alternatives. The review highlights the structural diversity of chlorophylls, including types such as a, b, c, d, and f, and their roles in photosynthesis and pigment synthesis. Chlorophylls are synthesized through a complex pathway involving multiple enzymes and genes, and their biosynthesis is influenced by environmental factors. Common extraction methods include solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and high-voltage pulsed electric field methods, each with its own advantages and limitations. In terms of medical applications, chlorophylls exhibit antioxidant properties, helping to combat oxidative stress and reduce the risk of diseases such as cancer and inflammation. They also show antimicrobial effects, potentially beneficial for treating bacterial infections. Chlorophylls may have anticancer properties by modulating oxidative stress, inhibiting carcinogen uptake, and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, chlorophylls have been studied for their potential in photodynamic therapy and their role in preventing and treating various diseases. Despite their potential, challenges remain in the commercial production and application of microalgal chlorophylls, including improving extraction efficiency and understanding their metabolic mechanisms. Further research is needed to fully harness the medicinal applications of chlorophylls derived from microalgae, paving the way for their broader use in healthcare and biotechnology.Chlorophylls derived from microalgae are natural bioactive pigments with significant medicinal potential. This review discusses the structure, functions, and potential medicinal effects of chlorophylls from microalgae, focusing on their extraction methods and applications in health and medicine. Chlorophyll is a key photosynthetic pigment in plants and algae, playing a vital role in energy capture and transfer. Its structure and chemical properties influence its biological activity, making it a promising candidate for antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer applications. Chlorophylls are widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, and their natural origin makes them safer than synthetic alternatives. The review highlights the structural diversity of chlorophylls, including types such as a, b, c, d, and f, and their roles in photosynthesis and pigment synthesis. Chlorophylls are synthesized through a complex pathway involving multiple enzymes and genes, and their biosynthesis is influenced by environmental factors. Common extraction methods include solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and high-voltage pulsed electric field methods, each with its own advantages and limitations. In terms of medical applications, chlorophylls exhibit antioxidant properties, helping to combat oxidative stress and reduce the risk of diseases such as cancer and inflammation. They also show antimicrobial effects, potentially beneficial for treating bacterial infections. Chlorophylls may have anticancer properties by modulating oxidative stress, inhibiting carcinogen uptake, and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, chlorophylls have been studied for their potential in photodynamic therapy and their role in preventing and treating various diseases. Despite their potential, challenges remain in the commercial production and application of microalgal chlorophylls, including improving extraction efficiency and understanding their metabolic mechanisms. Further research is needed to fully harness the medicinal applications of chlorophylls derived from microalgae, paving the way for their broader use in healthcare and biotechnology.