The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future

The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future

December 2003 | Younghwa Lee, Kenneth A. Kozar, Kai R.T. Larsen
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), introduced in 1986, remains the most widely applied theoretical model in the Information Systems (IS) field. This study traces TAM's history, investigates its findings, and cautiously predicts its future trajectory. One hundred and one articles published by leading IS journals and conferences over the past eighteen years are examined and summarized. An open-ended survey of thirty-two leading IS researchers assisted in critically examining TAM and specifying future directions. TAM, derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action, assumes that an individual's acceptance of information systems is determined by two major variables: Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). Over the past eighteen years, TAM has been applied to various technologies and situations, leading its proponents to believe in its robustness. Researchers in the IS field consider TAM one of the information systems fields' own theories and continue to study research using the theory. Despite its success, few previous efforts have traced TAM's history or evaluated its findings, limitations, and future. Evaluation is crucial for the IS community to understand TAM's past research findings, identify possible research topics, and conduct future studies. This study traces TAM's research trajectory from 1986 to 2003, analyzing 101 articles and survey results from thirty-two leading IS researchers. The study found that TAM has evolved continuously, with researchers addressing its limitations, incorporating other theoretical models, and applying it to different environments, systems, tasks, and subjects. TAM's findings include its application to various information systems, relationships between major TAM variables, and external variables. However, TAM has limitations, such as self-reported usage, generalization problems, and low variance explanations. Leading IS researchers view TAM as a valuable model that has contributed to the IS field. However, they also identify shortcomings, such as TAM's narrow focus and overemphasis on one theory. Future research directions include incorporating more variables, exploring boundary conditions, and investigating social influence. Additionally, there is a need for more longitudinal studies and a better understanding of actual usage and objective outcome measures. In conclusion, TAM has made significant contributions to the IS field, but there is a need for further research to address its limitations and explore new areas. The study highlights the importance of continuing to refine and expand TAM to better understand and predict information system acceptance.The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), introduced in 1986, remains the most widely applied theoretical model in the Information Systems (IS) field. This study traces TAM's history, investigates its findings, and cautiously predicts its future trajectory. One hundred and one articles published by leading IS journals and conferences over the past eighteen years are examined and summarized. An open-ended survey of thirty-two leading IS researchers assisted in critically examining TAM and specifying future directions. TAM, derived from the Theory of Reasoned Action, assumes that an individual's acceptance of information systems is determined by two major variables: Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU). Over the past eighteen years, TAM has been applied to various technologies and situations, leading its proponents to believe in its robustness. Researchers in the IS field consider TAM one of the information systems fields' own theories and continue to study research using the theory. Despite its success, few previous efforts have traced TAM's history or evaluated its findings, limitations, and future. Evaluation is crucial for the IS community to understand TAM's past research findings, identify possible research topics, and conduct future studies. This study traces TAM's research trajectory from 1986 to 2003, analyzing 101 articles and survey results from thirty-two leading IS researchers. The study found that TAM has evolved continuously, with researchers addressing its limitations, incorporating other theoretical models, and applying it to different environments, systems, tasks, and subjects. TAM's findings include its application to various information systems, relationships between major TAM variables, and external variables. However, TAM has limitations, such as self-reported usage, generalization problems, and low variance explanations. Leading IS researchers view TAM as a valuable model that has contributed to the IS field. However, they also identify shortcomings, such as TAM's narrow focus and overemphasis on one theory. Future research directions include incorporating more variables, exploring boundary conditions, and investigating social influence. Additionally, there is a need for more longitudinal studies and a better understanding of actual usage and objective outcome measures. In conclusion, TAM has made significant contributions to the IS field, but there is a need for further research to address its limitations and explore new areas. The study highlights the importance of continuing to refine and expand TAM to better understand and predict information system acceptance.
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[slides and audio] The Technology Acceptance Model%3A Past%2C Present%2C and Future