This review explores the relationship between natural products, traditional medicines, and modern medicine, emphasizing their roles in drug discovery. Traditional medicines, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, Kampo, Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM), and Unani, have been used for centuries and have developed into structured medical systems. These systems utilize natural products and have contributed significantly to modern medicine. Natural products, derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, have a wide range of chemical diversity and have been crucial in the development of many drugs. For example, artemisinin, derived from the plant Artemisia annua, has been used for malaria treatment and has led to the development of new anti-malarial drugs. Similarly, Taxol, derived from the Pacific yew tree, has been a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. Natural products and traditional medicines offer unique advantages, including extensive clinical experience and diverse chemical structures, which are valuable in drug discovery. Despite the rise of synthetic drugs, natural products continue to play a vital role in developing new medicines. The integration of traditional medicine with modern science has led to significant advancements in drug development, highlighting the importance of natural products in modern medicine. The review also discusses the potential of natural products and traditional medicines in future drug discovery, emphasizing the need for further research and collaboration between traditional and modern medical practices.This review explores the relationship between natural products, traditional medicines, and modern medicine, emphasizing their roles in drug discovery. Traditional medicines, such as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, Kampo, Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM), and Unani, have been used for centuries and have developed into structured medical systems. These systems utilize natural products and have contributed significantly to modern medicine. Natural products, derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms, have a wide range of chemical diversity and have been crucial in the development of many drugs. For example, artemisinin, derived from the plant Artemisia annua, has been used for malaria treatment and has led to the development of new anti-malarial drugs. Similarly, Taxol, derived from the Pacific yew tree, has been a major breakthrough in cancer treatment. Natural products and traditional medicines offer unique advantages, including extensive clinical experience and diverse chemical structures, which are valuable in drug discovery. Despite the rise of synthetic drugs, natural products continue to play a vital role in developing new medicines. The integration of traditional medicine with modern science has led to significant advancements in drug development, highlighting the importance of natural products in modern medicine. The review also discusses the potential of natural products and traditional medicines in future drug discovery, emphasizing the need for further research and collaboration between traditional and modern medical practices.