Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a major threat to human reproductive health, affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and leading to various reproductive disorders. EDCs, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), parabens, pesticides, and heavy metals, are widely present in the environment and have been linked to reproductive system diseases. These chemicals can mimic sex hormones and interfere with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropins (Gn), disrupting the HPG axis and impairing folliculogenesis, ovulation, conception, and spermatogenesis. The adverse effects of EDCs on the reproductive system include uterine fibroids (UFs), endometriosis (EMs), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), infertility, and various cancers. EDCs can also affect the development of the reproductive system, leading to conditions such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular cancer. The mechanisms of EDCs' effects involve hormone-like or anti-hormone-like activities, altering estrogen levels and feedback regulation, and modulating signaling pathways such as GPR30-EGFR, MAPK/ERK/c-fos, and TGF-β. EDCs can also induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic changes, contributing to reproductive disorders. The review highlights the need for further research to understand the complex interactions between EDCs and reproductive health, and to develop strategies for risk management and prevention. The findings emphasize the importance of reducing exposure to EDCs to protect reproductive health and prevent adverse outcomes.Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a major threat to human reproductive health, affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and leading to various reproductive disorders. EDCs, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), parabens, pesticides, and heavy metals, are widely present in the environment and have been linked to reproductive system diseases. These chemicals can mimic sex hormones and interfere with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropins (Gn), disrupting the HPG axis and impairing folliculogenesis, ovulation, conception, and spermatogenesis. The adverse effects of EDCs on the reproductive system include uterine fibroids (UFs), endometriosis (EMs), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), infertility, and various cancers. EDCs can also affect the development of the reproductive system, leading to conditions such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular cancer. The mechanisms of EDCs' effects involve hormone-like or anti-hormone-like activities, altering estrogen levels and feedback regulation, and modulating signaling pathways such as GPR30-EGFR, MAPK/ERK/c-fos, and TGF-β. EDCs can also induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic changes, contributing to reproductive disorders. The review highlights the need for further research to understand the complex interactions between EDCs and reproductive health, and to develop strategies for risk management and prevention. The findings emphasize the importance of reducing exposure to EDCs to protect reproductive health and prevent adverse outcomes.