This text presents a detailed summary of Alexander E. Wendt's article on the "agent-structure problem" in international relations theory. Wendt critiques the structural theories in neorealism and world-system theory, arguing that they both reduce the analysis of international relations to either individualist or structuralist frameworks. He proposes a new approach inspired by sociological "structuration theory," which emphasizes the mutual constitution of agents and structures. Wendt outlines the nature of the agent-structure problem, the two main solutions (individualist and structuralist), and the philosophical foundations of structuration theory. He argues that both neorealism and world-system theory fail to adequately address the problem because they treat agents and structures as separate entities, rather than as interdependent. Wendt then discusses the epistemological and theoretical implications of structuration theory for explaining state behavior. He concludes that scientific realism has important implications for social scientific research, and that structuration theory offers a more nuanced understanding of the agent-structure relationship. The article also compares neorealism and world-system theory, highlighting their differences in how they conceptualize the structure of the international system. Wendt argues that both theories are limited in their ability to explain state behavior because they fail to account for the mutual constitution of agents and structures. He concludes that structuration theory provides a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the agent-structure problem in international relations.This text presents a detailed summary of Alexander E. Wendt's article on the "agent-structure problem" in international relations theory. Wendt critiques the structural theories in neorealism and world-system theory, arguing that they both reduce the analysis of international relations to either individualist or structuralist frameworks. He proposes a new approach inspired by sociological "structuration theory," which emphasizes the mutual constitution of agents and structures. Wendt outlines the nature of the agent-structure problem, the two main solutions (individualist and structuralist), and the philosophical foundations of structuration theory. He argues that both neorealism and world-system theory fail to adequately address the problem because they treat agents and structures as separate entities, rather than as interdependent. Wendt then discusses the epistemological and theoretical implications of structuration theory for explaining state behavior. He concludes that scientific realism has important implications for social scientific research, and that structuration theory offers a more nuanced understanding of the agent-structure relationship. The article also compares neorealism and world-system theory, highlighting their differences in how they conceptualize the structure of the international system. Wendt argues that both theories are limited in their ability to explain state behavior because they fail to account for the mutual constitution of agents and structures. He concludes that structuration theory provides a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the agent-structure problem in international relations.