The study investigates the splicing of exon 10 in the tau gene, which is associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Parkinsonism. Exon-trapping analysis was performed on mutant and wild-type versions of tau exon 10 from patients with different splice mutations and normal individuals. The results showed that the molar ratio of exon 10+ to exon 10- RNA was determined using Genescan software, with three independent PCRs used to ensure accuracy. The study also analyzed the antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein, focusing on the variable and conserved regions that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies. The X-ray crystal structure of an HIV-1 gp120 core in a ternary complex with two-domain soluble CD4 and the Fab fragment of the CD4i antibody 17b was analyzed, revealing the spatial positioning of conserved neutralization epitopes. The study highlights the importance of understanding the structural basis for HIV-1's ability to evade the immune system and the challenges in vaccine development. Additionally, the study on dynein arms found that they generate oscillatory force when interacting with microtubules, suggesting that this may be a fundamental mechanism underlying flagellar beating.The study investigates the splicing of exon 10 in the tau gene, which is associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Parkinsonism. Exon-trapping analysis was performed on mutant and wild-type versions of tau exon 10 from patients with different splice mutations and normal individuals. The results showed that the molar ratio of exon 10+ to exon 10- RNA was determined using Genescan software, with three independent PCRs used to ensure accuracy. The study also analyzed the antigenic structure of the HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein, focusing on the variable and conserved regions that are recognized by neutralizing antibodies. The X-ray crystal structure of an HIV-1 gp120 core in a ternary complex with two-domain soluble CD4 and the Fab fragment of the CD4i antibody 17b was analyzed, revealing the spatial positioning of conserved neutralization epitopes. The study highlights the importance of understanding the structural basis for HIV-1's ability to evade the immune system and the challenges in vaccine development. Additionally, the study on dynein arms found that they generate oscillatory force when interacting with microtubules, suggesting that this may be a fundamental mechanism underlying flagellar beating.