September 1991 | R.A. Duce, P.S. Liss, J.T. Merrill, E.L. Atlas, P. Buat-Menard, B.B. Hicks, J.M. Miller, J.M. Prospero, R. Arimoto, T.M. Church, W. Ellis, J.N. Galloway, L. Hansen, T.D. Jickells, A.H. Knop, K.H. Reinhardt, B. Schneider, A. Soudine, J.J. Tokos, S. Tsunogai, R. Wollast, and M. Zhou
The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean is a significant pathway for transporting natural and pollutant materials from continents to the ocean. These species can impact marine biological processes and chemical cycles. For example, essential nutrients like iron and nitrogen may be transported by the atmosphere in some regions. This report assesses current data on atmospheric fluxes of trace elements, mineral aerosol, nitrogen species, and synthetic organic compounds to the ocean, comparing them with riverine inputs. Trace elements considered include Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, As, Hg, Sn, Al, Fe, Si, and P. Nitrogen species include oxidized and reduced forms such as nitrate, ammonium, NO, NO₂, HNO₃, and NH₃. Synthetic organic compounds include PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, chlordane, dieldrin, and HCBs. Due to limited direct measurements of deposition rates, estimates are based on atmospheric concentrations and exchange coefficients. Global wet and dry deposition fluxes are calculated using precipitation fields. Annual values are calculated, and atmospheric inputs are generally equal to or greater than riverine inputs, with higher values in the northern hemisphere. For dissolved trace metals, atmospheric input dominates riverine input for Pb, Cd, and Zn, while the two transport paths are roughly equal for Cu, Ni, As, and Fe. Fluxes and basin-wide deposition of trace metals are generally 5-10 times higher in the North Atlantic and North Pacific than in the South Atlantic and South Pacific. Global input of oxidized and reduced nitrogen species are roughly equal, with oxidized nitrogen entering the ocean mainly in the northern hemisphere. Reduced nitrogen species are more uniformly distributed, suggesting the ocean may be a significant source. Atmospheric input of synthetic organic species like HCH, PCBs, DDT, and HCBs completely dominates riverine input. Atmospheric transport and precipitation climatology are discussed for various ocean regions, with emphasis on primary transport paths and precipitation patterns. The paper discusses deposition processes, including gas exchange, dry deposition, and wet deposition. It also covers the use of climatological data and transport models to estimate atmospheric fluxes. The report concludes that atmospheric inputs are generally equal to or greater than riverine inputs, with significant regional differences. The study highlights the importance of atmospheric transport in delivering nutrients and pollutants to the ocean, with implications for marine ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles.The atmospheric input of trace species to the world ocean is a significant pathway for transporting natural and pollutant materials from continents to the ocean. These species can impact marine biological processes and chemical cycles. For example, essential nutrients like iron and nitrogen may be transported by the atmosphere in some regions. This report assesses current data on atmospheric fluxes of trace elements, mineral aerosol, nitrogen species, and synthetic organic compounds to the ocean, comparing them with riverine inputs. Trace elements considered include Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, As, Hg, Sn, Al, Fe, Si, and P. Nitrogen species include oxidized and reduced forms such as nitrate, ammonium, NO, NO₂, HNO₃, and NH₃. Synthetic organic compounds include PCBs, HCHs, DDTs, chlordane, dieldrin, and HCBs. Due to limited direct measurements of deposition rates, estimates are based on atmospheric concentrations and exchange coefficients. Global wet and dry deposition fluxes are calculated using precipitation fields. Annual values are calculated, and atmospheric inputs are generally equal to or greater than riverine inputs, with higher values in the northern hemisphere. For dissolved trace metals, atmospheric input dominates riverine input for Pb, Cd, and Zn, while the two transport paths are roughly equal for Cu, Ni, As, and Fe. Fluxes and basin-wide deposition of trace metals are generally 5-10 times higher in the North Atlantic and North Pacific than in the South Atlantic and South Pacific. Global input of oxidized and reduced nitrogen species are roughly equal, with oxidized nitrogen entering the ocean mainly in the northern hemisphere. Reduced nitrogen species are more uniformly distributed, suggesting the ocean may be a significant source. Atmospheric input of synthetic organic species like HCH, PCBs, DDT, and HCBs completely dominates riverine input. Atmospheric transport and precipitation climatology are discussed for various ocean regions, with emphasis on primary transport paths and precipitation patterns. The paper discusses deposition processes, including gas exchange, dry deposition, and wet deposition. It also covers the use of climatological data and transport models to estimate atmospheric fluxes. The report concludes that atmospheric inputs are generally equal to or greater than riverine inputs, with significant regional differences. The study highlights the importance of atmospheric transport in delivering nutrients and pollutants to the ocean, with implications for marine ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles.