The article discusses the biology of infertility, focusing on research advances and clinical challenges in understanding and treating infertility. It highlights the complex genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying reproductive processes in humans and mice, emphasizing the importance of identifying gene mutations and polymorphisms linked to infertility. The review covers the development of the reproductive system, from the determination of sexual identity to the formation of gametes and the regulation of fertility by various hormones and signaling pathways. It also discusses the role of noncoding RNAs in reproductive processes and the challenges in translating genetic findings into clinical applications. The article addresses the genetic basis of infertility, including defects in sex determination, sex differentiation, and the development of the genital tract. It also explores the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in both males and females, emphasizing the need for further research to improve clinical outcomes. The review highlights the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of reproduction to develop more effective treatments and interventions for infertility. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for continued research to address the complexities of infertility and improve patient care.The article discusses the biology of infertility, focusing on research advances and clinical challenges in understanding and treating infertility. It highlights the complex genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying reproductive processes in humans and mice, emphasizing the importance of identifying gene mutations and polymorphisms linked to infertility. The review covers the development of the reproductive system, from the determination of sexual identity to the formation of gametes and the regulation of fertility by various hormones and signaling pathways. It also discusses the role of noncoding RNAs in reproductive processes and the challenges in translating genetic findings into clinical applications. The article addresses the genetic basis of infertility, including defects in sex determination, sex differentiation, and the development of the genital tract. It also explores the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in both males and females, emphasizing the need for further research to improve clinical outcomes. The review highlights the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of reproduction to develop more effective treatments and interventions for infertility. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for continued research to address the complexities of infertility and improve patient care.