The study estimates the global distribution of biomass across various organisms, including plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other taxa. Plants are estimated to account for approximately 450 Gt C of global biomass, with a significant portion being non-woody tissues such as roots and leaves, totaling around 150 Gt C. Bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) are estimated to contribute about 80 Gt C and 7 Gt C, respectively, with bacteria dominating the terrestrial deep subsurface. Marine prokaryotes are estimated at approximately 1.3 Gt C, while soil prokaryotes total around 8 Gt C, with archaea accounting for about 0.5 Gt C. The study also considers the biomass of various animal groups, including annelids, nematodes, chordates, and arthropods, as well as marine and terrestrial fungi. The analysis includes uncertainties, with plant biomass having a smaller uncertainty (about 1.2-fold) compared to bacterial biomass (about 9-fold). The study uses multiple methods and data sources to estimate biomass, including literature reviews, remote sensing, and field data, and provides detailed methodologies for each group. The results highlight the dominance of plants and bacteria in global biomass, with significant contributions from marine and soil prokaryotes. The study also addresses the challenges in estimating biomass for certain groups, such as archaea and particle-attached bacteria, and emphasizes the need for further research to refine these estimates.The study estimates the global distribution of biomass across various organisms, including plants, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and other taxa. Plants are estimated to account for approximately 450 Gt C of global biomass, with a significant portion being non-woody tissues such as roots and leaves, totaling around 150 Gt C. Bacteria and archaea (prokaryotes) are estimated to contribute about 80 Gt C and 7 Gt C, respectively, with bacteria dominating the terrestrial deep subsurface. Marine prokaryotes are estimated at approximately 1.3 Gt C, while soil prokaryotes total around 8 Gt C, with archaea accounting for about 0.5 Gt C. The study also considers the biomass of various animal groups, including annelids, nematodes, chordates, and arthropods, as well as marine and terrestrial fungi. The analysis includes uncertainties, with plant biomass having a smaller uncertainty (about 1.2-fold) compared to bacterial biomass (about 9-fold). The study uses multiple methods and data sources to estimate biomass, including literature reviews, remote sensing, and field data, and provides detailed methodologies for each group. The results highlight the dominance of plants and bacteria in global biomass, with significant contributions from marine and soil prokaryotes. The study also addresses the challenges in estimating biomass for certain groups, such as archaea and particle-attached bacteria, and emphasizes the need for further research to refine these estimates.