The article by David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases discusses the challenges posed by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. These diseases, which have shaped human history and caused immense suffering and death, continue to be a significant global burden, accounting for about 15 million annual deaths worldwide. The authors highlight the dynamic interactions between pathogens, hosts, and the environment as key factors in the emergence and re-emergence of these diseases. They emphasize the importance of surveillance, response, and research in controlling emerging infections, particularly in the context of bioterrorism and the development of advanced countermeasures such as diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. The article also provides historical context, detailing the impact of diseases like AIDS, SARS, and anthrax, and the role of factors such as population movement, environmental changes, and social factors in the spread of these diseases. The authors conclude by calling for a strengthened relationship between public health and scientific research to address the ongoing conflict between pathogens and humans.The article by David M. Morens, Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases discusses the challenges posed by emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. These diseases, which have shaped human history and caused immense suffering and death, continue to be a significant global burden, accounting for about 15 million annual deaths worldwide. The authors highlight the dynamic interactions between pathogens, hosts, and the environment as key factors in the emergence and re-emergence of these diseases. They emphasize the importance of surveillance, response, and research in controlling emerging infections, particularly in the context of bioterrorism and the development of advanced countermeasures such as diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. The article also provides historical context, detailing the impact of diseases like AIDS, SARS, and anthrax, and the role of factors such as population movement, environmental changes, and social factors in the spread of these diseases. The authors conclude by calling for a strengthened relationship between public health and scientific research to address the ongoing conflict between pathogens and humans.