This review summarizes research on the relationship between physical activity and the body's immune system. It highlights four key areas: the acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, the clinical benefits of the exercise-immune relationship, the influence of nutrition on immune responses to exercise, and the impact of exercise on immunosenescence. The research is organized into distinct time periods, from the early 20th century to the present. Early studies focused on changes in immune cell counts and function, while later research incorporated more complex factors like nutrition, aging, and inflammation. Recent advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry have enabled more detailed studies of immune responses to exercise, including metabolomics, proteomics, and microbiome analysis. These studies suggest that exercise can enhance immune surveillance, reduce inflammation, and improve metabolic health. However, intense or prolonged exercise can temporarily impair immune function, increasing the risk of infections. The review also discusses the role of nutrition in mitigating these effects, with carbohydrates and polyphenols being particularly beneficial. Additionally, regular physical activity is associated with reduced inflammation and a lower risk of chronic diseases. The study emphasizes the importance of managing exercise loads, nutrition, and lifestyle factors to maintain immune health and reduce illness risk. Overall, the findings suggest that moderate exercise is beneficial for the immune system, while excessive exercise may have negative effects. The future of exercise immunology lies in using advanced technologies to better understand the complex interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function.This review summarizes research on the relationship between physical activity and the body's immune system. It highlights four key areas: the acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, the clinical benefits of the exercise-immune relationship, the influence of nutrition on immune responses to exercise, and the impact of exercise on immunosenescence. The research is organized into distinct time periods, from the early 20th century to the present. Early studies focused on changes in immune cell counts and function, while later research incorporated more complex factors like nutrition, aging, and inflammation. Recent advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry have enabled more detailed studies of immune responses to exercise, including metabolomics, proteomics, and microbiome analysis. These studies suggest that exercise can enhance immune surveillance, reduce inflammation, and improve metabolic health. However, intense or prolonged exercise can temporarily impair immune function, increasing the risk of infections. The review also discusses the role of nutrition in mitigating these effects, with carbohydrates and polyphenols being particularly beneficial. Additionally, regular physical activity is associated with reduced inflammation and a lower risk of chronic diseases. The study emphasizes the importance of managing exercise loads, nutrition, and lifestyle factors to maintain immune health and reduce illness risk. Overall, the findings suggest that moderate exercise is beneficial for the immune system, while excessive exercise may have negative effects. The future of exercise immunology lies in using advanced technologies to better understand the complex interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function.