This review summarizes research in four key areas of exercise immunology: acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, clinical benefits of the exercise-immune relationship, nutritional influences on the immune response to exercise, and the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. The scientific discoveries in these areas can be organized into distinct time periods: 1900-1979, focusing on basic immune cell counts and function; 1980-1989, highlighting transient immune dysfunction and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) from heavy exertion; 1990-2009, expanding into interactive effects of nutrition, aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 onwards, leveraging technological advancements in mass spectrometry for system biology approaches. The future of exercise immunology will integrate these technologies to provide personalized insights into the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with potential applications in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.This review summarizes research in four key areas of exercise immunology: acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, clinical benefits of the exercise-immune relationship, nutritional influences on the immune response to exercise, and the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. The scientific discoveries in these areas can be organized into distinct time periods: 1900-1979, focusing on basic immune cell counts and function; 1980-1989, highlighting transient immune dysfunction and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) from heavy exertion; 1990-2009, expanding into interactive effects of nutrition, aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 onwards, leveraging technological advancements in mass spectrometry for system biology approaches. The future of exercise immunology will integrate these technologies to provide personalized insights into the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with potential applications in reducing the risk of chronic diseases.