This review summarizes the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy globally, highlighting variations across regions and factors influencing these rates. Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, has a prevalence ranging from 2.2 to 41.0 per 1000, with age-adjusted estimates between 2.7 to 17.6 per 1000. Incidence varies from 16 to 51 per 100,000, with a notable exception in Chile at 111 per 100,000. Differences in prevalence and incidence are influenced by factors such as access to healthcare, environmental exposures, and socioeconomic status. Most prevalence studies report a higher proportion of generalized seizures, while partial seizures account for 20-66% of incident cases. A significant portion of epilepsy cases have unknown causes. Age-adjusted prevalence varies by region, with lower rates in Europe and Asia compared to Latin America and Africa. In developed countries, prevalence tends to increase with age, while in developing countries, it peaks in adolescence and early adulthood. Gender differences show a higher prevalence in males, though the difference is minimal. Race and ethnicity also play a role, with some studies indicating higher prevalence in African-American populations. Socioeconomic status is associated with higher incidence, particularly in adults. Incidence studies show a higher rate in children and the elderly, with secular trends indicating a decrease in childhood epilepsy and an increase in elderly cases. Seizure types are often misclassified due to limited diagnostic tools, and etiology is frequently unknown. The review emphasizes the need for standardized definitions, age adjustment, and further research to understand the role of cultural, social, and economic factors in epilepsy. Future studies should consider diverse populations to better understand the impact of age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status on epilepsy prevalence and incidence.This review summarizes the prevalence and incidence of epilepsy globally, highlighting variations across regions and factors influencing these rates. Epilepsy, a chronic neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide, has a prevalence ranging from 2.2 to 41.0 per 1000, with age-adjusted estimates between 2.7 to 17.6 per 1000. Incidence varies from 16 to 51 per 100,000, with a notable exception in Chile at 111 per 100,000. Differences in prevalence and incidence are influenced by factors such as access to healthcare, environmental exposures, and socioeconomic status. Most prevalence studies report a higher proportion of generalized seizures, while partial seizures account for 20-66% of incident cases. A significant portion of epilepsy cases have unknown causes. Age-adjusted prevalence varies by region, with lower rates in Europe and Asia compared to Latin America and Africa. In developed countries, prevalence tends to increase with age, while in developing countries, it peaks in adolescence and early adulthood. Gender differences show a higher prevalence in males, though the difference is minimal. Race and ethnicity also play a role, with some studies indicating higher prevalence in African-American populations. Socioeconomic status is associated with higher incidence, particularly in adults. Incidence studies show a higher rate in children and the elderly, with secular trends indicating a decrease in childhood epilepsy and an increase in elderly cases. Seizure types are often misclassified due to limited diagnostic tools, and etiology is frequently unknown. The review emphasizes the need for standardized definitions, age adjustment, and further research to understand the role of cultural, social, and economic factors in epilepsy. Future studies should consider diverse populations to better understand the impact of age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status on epilepsy prevalence and incidence.