The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits significant variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, the prevalence of PD has increased, partly due to improved survival rates and a decline in other causes of death. The incidence of PD is less certain, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where data are scarce. PD is more common in older individuals and men, and environmental factors such as exposure to neurotoxic agents are suggested to play a role. Within countries, ethnic differences in PD risk可能存在，但这些差异可能反映了医疗服务获取的不平等。PD的病因是多因素的，涉及遗传和环境因素。风险因素（如农药暴露）和保护因素（如体育活动和吸烟倾向）都被认为与PD有关，但因果关系的确定性受到长期临床前阶段的干扰。随着心血管疾病和某些癌症的预防策略取得进展，慢性神经退行性疾病如PD和痴呆症正逐渐成为全球关注的焦点。为了有效预防PD，需要采取综合性的预防策略，包括针对整个人群的初级预防、针对高风险人群的二级预防以及针对已患病人群的三级预防。未来国际间的合作将有助于整合基础、应用和流行病学研究的证据，从而在全球范围内更好地理解和预防PD。The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits significant variations in time, geography, ethnicity, age, and sex. Internationally, the prevalence of PD has increased, partly due to improved survival rates and a decline in other causes of death. The incidence of PD is less certain, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where data are scarce. PD is more common in older individuals and men, and environmental factors such as exposure to neurotoxic agents are suggested to play a role. Within countries, ethnic differences in PD risk可能存在，但这些差异可能反映了医疗服务获取的不平等。PD的病因是多因素的，涉及遗传和环境因素。风险因素（如农药暴露）和保护因素（如体育活动和吸烟倾向）都被认为与PD有关，但因果关系的确定性受到长期临床前阶段的干扰。随着心血管疾病和某些癌症的预防策略取得进展，慢性神经退行性疾病如PD和痴呆症正逐渐成为全球关注的焦点。为了有效预防PD，需要采取综合性的预防策略，包括针对整个人群的初级预防、针对高风险人群的二级预防以及针对已患病人群的三级预防。未来国际间的合作将有助于整合基础、应用和流行病学研究的证据，从而在全球范围内更好地理解和预防PD。