The gut microbiota–brain axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional communication network between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS), influencing host nervous system development, emotional regulation, and cognitive function through neurotransmitters, immune modulation, and metabolic pathways. The MGBA is influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environment, shaping the gut microbiota composition. Recent research highlights the role of gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder [ASD], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease [AD], Parkinson's disease [PD]), and mood disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). Current clinical and preclinical interventions, including dietary changes, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), are being explored for their potential in treating these disorders. However, the individual heterogeneity of gut microbiota, the dominant strains in neurological diseases, and the interactions of microbial metabolites with the central/peripheral nervous systems remain areas requiring further investigation. The gut microbiota is a personalized, multifunctional target with significant potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. The review summarizes the role of the MGBA in various neurological disorders, discusses current interventions, and highlights the need for further research. The gut microbiota composition is influenced by factors such as diet, genetics, and environment, with significant differences observed between individuals. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in various aspects of nervous system development, neuroinflammation, cognitive processes, emotion regulation, and behavioral regulation. The review also explores the mechanisms of communication between the gut and the brain, including neural pathways, immune signaling, and metabolic signaling. The gut microbiota influences the brain through neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and other metabolites, which can affect brain function and behavior. The review discusses the role of the gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the potential of gut microbiome-based interventions in treating these conditions. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem influenced by various factors, and further research is needed to fully understand its role in neurological disorders.The gut microbiota–brain axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional communication network between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS), influencing host nervous system development, emotional regulation, and cognitive function through neurotransmitters, immune modulation, and metabolic pathways. The MGBA is influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environment, shaping the gut microbiota composition. Recent research highlights the role of gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder [ASD], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease [AD], Parkinson's disease [PD]), and mood disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). Current clinical and preclinical interventions, including dietary changes, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), are being explored for their potential in treating these disorders. However, the individual heterogeneity of gut microbiota, the dominant strains in neurological diseases, and the interactions of microbial metabolites with the central/peripheral nervous systems remain areas requiring further investigation. The gut microbiota is a personalized, multifunctional target with significant potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. The review summarizes the role of the MGBA in various neurological disorders, discusses current interventions, and highlights the need for further research. The gut microbiota composition is influenced by factors such as diet, genetics, and environment, with significant differences observed between individuals. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in various aspects of nervous system development, neuroinflammation, cognitive processes, emotion regulation, and behavioral regulation. The review also explores the mechanisms of communication between the gut and the brain, including neural pathways, immune signaling, and metabolic signaling. The gut microbiota influences the brain through neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and other metabolites, which can affect brain function and behavior. The review discusses the role of the gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the potential of gut microbiome-based interventions in treating these conditions. The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem influenced by various factors, and further research is needed to fully understand its role in neurological disorders.