The article by John F. Morton discusses the significant impacts of climate change on smallholder and subsistence farmers, primarily in developing countries. These farmers are vulnerable due to their location in tropical regions and various socioeconomic, demographic, and policy trends that limit their ability to adapt. The lack of standardized definitions and data, the complexity and location-specificity of their systems, and their exposure to multiple stressors make modeling and predicting these impacts challenging. The article reviews recent research, proposes a conceptual framework for understanding diverse impacts, and identifies future research needs. It highlights the importance of non-climate stressors such as market access, environmental degradation, and population growth, which further increase vulnerability. The resilience factors of these farmers, including family labor, livelihood diversity, and indigenous knowledge, are also discussed. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research to improve understanding and build adaptive capacity, particularly in the context of climate change.The article by John F. Morton discusses the significant impacts of climate change on smallholder and subsistence farmers, primarily in developing countries. These farmers are vulnerable due to their location in tropical regions and various socioeconomic, demographic, and policy trends that limit their ability to adapt. The lack of standardized definitions and data, the complexity and location-specificity of their systems, and their exposure to multiple stressors make modeling and predicting these impacts challenging. The article reviews recent research, proposes a conceptual framework for understanding diverse impacts, and identifies future research needs. It highlights the importance of non-climate stressors such as market access, environmental degradation, and population growth, which further increase vulnerability. The resilience factors of these farmers, including family labor, livelihood diversity, and indigenous knowledge, are also discussed. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research to improve understanding and build adaptive capacity, particularly in the context of climate change.