Non-LTR retrotransposons, including LINE-1 (L1), Alu, and SVA elements, have significantly impacted the human genome over the past 80 million years of primate evolution. These elements account for approximately one-third of the human genome and affect it in various ways, such as generating insertion mutations, causing genomic instability, altering gene expression, and contributing to genetic innovation. The high density of these elements in the human genome poses questions about their evolutionary significance and impact during human evolution. The development of advanced molecular methodologies and comparative genomics has allowed researchers to better understand the scale and complexity of the contributions of non-LTR retrotransposons to genomic change in the human lineage. Non-LTR retrotransposons are characterized by their high copy numbers and continued activity over tens of millions of years. This persistence is crucial for their evolutionary success, as it allows them to maintain a low to moderate level of activity, which is essential for long-term survival. The amplification rates of these elements have varied over time, with periods of rapid amplification followed by periods of slower growth. This variation suggests influences at the population level, possibly due to selective pressures. The impact of non-LTR retrotransposons on the human genome is multifaceted. They contribute to genome size increase, local genomic instability through insertion mutagenesis, and the creation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. They also generate microsatellites, which can undergo various mutational forces. Additionally, they can cause genomic rearrangements such as deletions, duplications, and inversions, and transduce flanking sequences, leading to the formation of new genes and regulatory elements. Retrotransposons also influence gene expression through mechanisms such as providing new splice sites, interfering with transcriptional elongation, and providing polyadenylation signals. They can modulate gene expression through RNA editing and epigenetic regulation, potentially affecting alternative splicing and gene silencing. The conservation of non-coding elements derived from ancient TE sequences, particularly short interspersed elements (SINEs), highlights the role of retrotransposons in regulatory functions. However, the extent of their contribution to human evolution remains to be fully determined. In conclusion, non-LTR retrotransposons have played a significant role in shaping the human genome, and further research is needed to fully understand their impact on human health, genome evolution, and the unique traits that make humans unique.Non-LTR retrotransposons, including LINE-1 (L1), Alu, and SVA elements, have significantly impacted the human genome over the past 80 million years of primate evolution. These elements account for approximately one-third of the human genome and affect it in various ways, such as generating insertion mutations, causing genomic instability, altering gene expression, and contributing to genetic innovation. The high density of these elements in the human genome poses questions about their evolutionary significance and impact during human evolution. The development of advanced molecular methodologies and comparative genomics has allowed researchers to better understand the scale and complexity of the contributions of non-LTR retrotransposons to genomic change in the human lineage. Non-LTR retrotransposons are characterized by their high copy numbers and continued activity over tens of millions of years. This persistence is crucial for their evolutionary success, as it allows them to maintain a low to moderate level of activity, which is essential for long-term survival. The amplification rates of these elements have varied over time, with periods of rapid amplification followed by periods of slower growth. This variation suggests influences at the population level, possibly due to selective pressures. The impact of non-LTR retrotransposons on the human genome is multifaceted. They contribute to genome size increase, local genomic instability through insertion mutagenesis, and the creation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks. They also generate microsatellites, which can undergo various mutational forces. Additionally, they can cause genomic rearrangements such as deletions, duplications, and inversions, and transduce flanking sequences, leading to the formation of new genes and regulatory elements. Retrotransposons also influence gene expression through mechanisms such as providing new splice sites, interfering with transcriptional elongation, and providing polyadenylation signals. They can modulate gene expression through RNA editing and epigenetic regulation, potentially affecting alternative splicing and gene silencing. The conservation of non-coding elements derived from ancient TE sequences, particularly short interspersed elements (SINEs), highlights the role of retrotransposons in regulatory functions. However, the extent of their contribution to human evolution remains to be fully determined. In conclusion, non-LTR retrotransposons have played a significant role in shaping the human genome, and further research is needed to fully understand their impact on human health, genome evolution, and the unique traits that make humans unique.