The chapter discusses the black hole information paradox, a poorly understood problem in physics. It begins by highlighting the common misconception that Hawking's argument is flawed and that quantum corrections can resolve the issue. However, the author argues that even small corrections to the leading order Hawking computation cannot remove the entanglement between the radiation and the black hole. The author formulates Hawking's argument as a theorem, assuming traditional physics and locality at the horizon, which leads to mixed states or remnants. The chapter also addresses the claim that AdS/CFT duality can explain away the paradox, concluding that it cannot. Finally, it introduces the concept of "fuzzballs," which are non-trivial microstate structures in black holes, providing a qualitative picture of how classical intuition breaks down in black hole physics. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the precise contradiction found by Hawking and the need for a fundamental change in our understanding of quantum effects in gravity.The chapter discusses the black hole information paradox, a poorly understood problem in physics. It begins by highlighting the common misconception that Hawking's argument is flawed and that quantum corrections can resolve the issue. However, the author argues that even small corrections to the leading order Hawking computation cannot remove the entanglement between the radiation and the black hole. The author formulates Hawking's argument as a theorem, assuming traditional physics and locality at the horizon, which leads to mixed states or remnants. The chapter also addresses the claim that AdS/CFT duality can explain away the paradox, concluding that it cannot. Finally, it introduces the concept of "fuzzballs," which are non-trivial microstate structures in black holes, providing a qualitative picture of how classical intuition breaks down in black hole physics. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the precise contradiction found by Hawking and the need for a fundamental change in our understanding of quantum effects in gravity.