25 January 2024 | Aparna Ragupathi, Christian Kim and Estela Jacinto
The article reviews the mTORC2 signaling network, focusing on its composition, regulation, and functions. mTORC2, a complex composed of mTOR, rictor, SIN1, and mLST8, is insensitive to rapamycin and is activated by stress and anabolic signals. Unlike mTORC1, which responds to growth signals, mTORC2 is crucial for metabolic reprogramming and cell survival under stress conditions. The article discusses the structural and functional aspects of mTORC2 components, including their phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and malonylation. These modifications affect mTORC2 activity and substrate phosphorylation. mTORC2 localization to membrane compartments, such as the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, is also explored, highlighting how this localization facilitates substrate phosphorylation. The article further examines activators of mTORC2, including growth factors, hormones, nutrients, and stress conditions, and the role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mTORC2 activation. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of mTORC2's regulation and functions, emphasizing its importance in cellular responses to various stimuli.The article reviews the mTORC2 signaling network, focusing on its composition, regulation, and functions. mTORC2, a complex composed of mTOR, rictor, SIN1, and mLST8, is insensitive to rapamycin and is activated by stress and anabolic signals. Unlike mTORC1, which responds to growth signals, mTORC2 is crucial for metabolic reprogramming and cell survival under stress conditions. The article discusses the structural and functional aspects of mTORC2 components, including their phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and malonylation. These modifications affect mTORC2 activity and substrate phosphorylation. mTORC2 localization to membrane compartments, such as the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes, is also explored, highlighting how this localization facilitates substrate phosphorylation. The article further examines activators of mTORC2, including growth factors, hormones, nutrients, and stress conditions, and the role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in mTORC2 activation. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of mTORC2's regulation and functions, emphasizing its importance in cellular responses to various stimuli.