Recent research highlights the complex mechanisms of psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, LSD, and DMT, which act on serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, to induce profound changes in consciousness. These compounds have shown promise in treating psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The mechanisms of action involve receptor binding, downstream signaling pathways, and long-term effects on brain structure and function. Psychedelics enhance neuronal excitability, increase glutamate release, and promote neuroplasticity through the activation of BDNF and other pathways. Structural and functional changes in the brain, including synaptogenesis and dendritic growth, are observed following psychedelic exposure. The debate over whether the subjective psychedelic experience is necessary for therapeutic effects remains unresolved. Some studies suggest that neuroplasticity-promoting effects may occur independently of the subjective experience, while others argue that the psychedelic experience is crucial for long-term therapeutic outcomes. The role of psychological support and psychotherapy in enhancing therapeutic effects is also under discussion. Research indicates that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, involving preparation and integration phases, can lead to lasting therapeutic benefits. The current understanding of psychedelic mechanisms is fragmented across molecular, cellular, and psychological levels. Bridging these levels through interdisciplinary research and innovative methods is essential for a comprehensive understanding of psychedelic action. This includes integrating neuroimaging, molecular biology, and behavioral studies to elucidate the complex interactions between psychedelic compounds and the brain. Future research should focus on clarifying the role of 5-HT2A receptors and other pathways in therapeutic effects, as well as the potential of non-pharmacological methods to induce similar neurobiological changes. The ultimate goal is to develop effective therapeutic strategies that leverage the unique properties of psychedelics while addressing the challenges of translating findings from animal models to human applications.Recent research highlights the complex mechanisms of psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, LSD, and DMT, which act on serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor, to induce profound changes in consciousness. These compounds have shown promise in treating psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. The mechanisms of action involve receptor binding, downstream signaling pathways, and long-term effects on brain structure and function. Psychedelics enhance neuronal excitability, increase glutamate release, and promote neuroplasticity through the activation of BDNF and other pathways. Structural and functional changes in the brain, including synaptogenesis and dendritic growth, are observed following psychedelic exposure. The debate over whether the subjective psychedelic experience is necessary for therapeutic effects remains unresolved. Some studies suggest that neuroplasticity-promoting effects may occur independently of the subjective experience, while others argue that the psychedelic experience is crucial for long-term therapeutic outcomes. The role of psychological support and psychotherapy in enhancing therapeutic effects is also under discussion. Research indicates that psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, involving preparation and integration phases, can lead to lasting therapeutic benefits. The current understanding of psychedelic mechanisms is fragmented across molecular, cellular, and psychological levels. Bridging these levels through interdisciplinary research and innovative methods is essential for a comprehensive understanding of psychedelic action. This includes integrating neuroimaging, molecular biology, and behavioral studies to elucidate the complex interactions between psychedelic compounds and the brain. Future research should focus on clarifying the role of 5-HT2A receptors and other pathways in therapeutic effects, as well as the potential of non-pharmacological methods to induce similar neurobiological changes. The ultimate goal is to develop effective therapeutic strategies that leverage the unique properties of psychedelics while addressing the challenges of translating findings from animal models to human applications.