The article reviews the current evidence linking short sleep duration to increased risk of obesity and diabetes, exploring three primary pathways: altered glucose metabolism, upregulation of appetite, and decreased energy expenditure. Laboratory and epidemiological studies suggest that chronic sleep curtailment may contribute to the global rise in diabetes and obesity. Short sleep is associated with impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, and higher BMI. Epidemiological studies from various countries have consistently shown a negative association between sleep duration and BMI, with shorter sleep durations linked to higher obesity risk. The mechanisms behind these associations include changes in leptin and ghrelin levels, which regulate appetite, and reduced energy expenditure. The article highlights the need for further research, including intervention studies and imaging techniques, to better understand the complex relationship between sleep, metabolism, and health.The article reviews the current evidence linking short sleep duration to increased risk of obesity and diabetes, exploring three primary pathways: altered glucose metabolism, upregulation of appetite, and decreased energy expenditure. Laboratory and epidemiological studies suggest that chronic sleep curtailment may contribute to the global rise in diabetes and obesity. Short sleep is associated with impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin resistance, and higher BMI. Epidemiological studies from various countries have consistently shown a negative association between sleep duration and BMI, with shorter sleep durations linked to higher obesity risk. The mechanisms behind these associations include changes in leptin and ghrelin levels, which regulate appetite, and reduced energy expenditure. The article highlights the need for further research, including intervention studies and imaging techniques, to better understand the complex relationship between sleep, metabolism, and health.