Autophagy is a cellular process that sequesters cytosol and organelles into double-membrane vesicles, delivering them to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation and recycling. It plays a key role in stress response, development, tumor suppression, pathogen resistance, and lifespan extension. However, many aspects of autophagy remain unclear, including the molecular mechanisms of induction, cargo selection, vesicle formation, and membrane degradation. The Atg1 complex is a key regulatory component in yeast autophagy, but its exact functions and interactions are not fully understood. Atg13, a component of the Atg1 complex, is phosphorylated by Tor, which inhibits autophagy under nutrient-rich conditions. The Atg1 complex is involved in both the Cvt pathway and autophagy, but the precise mechanisms of its regulation and function are still under investigation. Atg11 and Atg19 are involved in cargo targeting and vesicle formation, but their exact roles and interactions are not fully understood. The formation of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles involves complex processes, including vesicle nucleation, expansion, and completion. The role of Atg8-PE in vesicle formation and membrane dynamics is also unclear. The breakdown of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles involves lysosomal proteases and lipases, but the exact mechanisms of membrane degradation and recycling are not fully understood. Overall, autophagy is a complex and dynamic process with many unanswered questions, particularly regarding the molecular mechanisms of vesicle formation, cargo targeting, and membrane degradation. Further research is needed to fully understand the molecular basis of autophagy and its role in cellular homeostasis and disease.Autophagy is a cellular process that sequesters cytosol and organelles into double-membrane vesicles, delivering them to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation and recycling. It plays a key role in stress response, development, tumor suppression, pathogen resistance, and lifespan extension. However, many aspects of autophagy remain unclear, including the molecular mechanisms of induction, cargo selection, vesicle formation, and membrane degradation. The Atg1 complex is a key regulatory component in yeast autophagy, but its exact functions and interactions are not fully understood. Atg13, a component of the Atg1 complex, is phosphorylated by Tor, which inhibits autophagy under nutrient-rich conditions. The Atg1 complex is involved in both the Cvt pathway and autophagy, but the precise mechanisms of its regulation and function are still under investigation. Atg11 and Atg19 are involved in cargo targeting and vesicle formation, but their exact roles and interactions are not fully understood. The formation of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles involves complex processes, including vesicle nucleation, expansion, and completion. The role of Atg8-PE in vesicle formation and membrane dynamics is also unclear. The breakdown of autophagosomes and Cvt vesicles involves lysosomal proteases and lipases, but the exact mechanisms of membrane degradation and recycling are not fully understood. Overall, autophagy is a complex and dynamic process with many unanswered questions, particularly regarding the molecular mechanisms of vesicle formation, cargo targeting, and membrane degradation. Further research is needed to fully understand the molecular basis of autophagy and its role in cellular homeostasis and disease.