Aging is a complex biological process influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. It is associated with various age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of aging, including DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism, and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases. DNA damage is a key factor in aging, with persistent damage leading to cellular senescence and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress, caused by free radicals, contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal damage. Telomere shortening is a critical factor in cellular aging, and telomerase activity is essential for maintaining telomere length. Energy metabolism, particularly the insulin/IGF-1 and mTOR pathways, plays a significant role in aging and age-related diseases. The DNA methylation theory suggests that changes in DNA methylation patterns are associated with aging and aging-related diseases. Additionally, the role of immunity in aging is highlighted, with immune senescence contributing to chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Senescent cells release inflammatory factors that exacerbate tissue dysfunction and aging. Autophagy is a key process in cellular maintenance and is involved in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has shown potential as an anti-aging treatment, with various herbs and compounds demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. The review concludes that aging is a complex process influenced by multiple factors, and further research is needed to develop effective interventions for aging and age-related diseases.Aging is a complex biological process influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. It is associated with various age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of aging, including DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress, telomere shortening, mitochondrial dysfunction, and energy metabolism, and their roles in neurodegenerative diseases. DNA damage is a key factor in aging, with persistent damage leading to cellular senescence and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress, caused by free radicals, contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal damage. Telomere shortening is a critical factor in cellular aging, and telomerase activity is essential for maintaining telomere length. Energy metabolism, particularly the insulin/IGF-1 and mTOR pathways, plays a significant role in aging and age-related diseases. The DNA methylation theory suggests that changes in DNA methylation patterns are associated with aging and aging-related diseases. Additionally, the role of immunity in aging is highlighted, with immune senescence contributing to chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration. Senescent cells release inflammatory factors that exacerbate tissue dysfunction and aging. Autophagy is a key process in cellular maintenance and is involved in the regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has shown potential as an anti-aging treatment, with various herbs and compounds demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. The review concludes that aging is a complex process influenced by multiple factors, and further research is needed to develop effective interventions for aging and age-related diseases.