Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a DNA virus in the Orthopoxvirus genus, causes zoonotic infections and has recently emerged as a global health threat due to a non-endemic outbreak in 2022. MPXV is divided into two clades, I and II, with clade I being more severe and associated with higher mortality. The virus primarily affects Central and West Africa and is transmitted through close contact, sexual activity, and exposure to skin lesions. MPXV infection leads to symptoms such as fever, headache, and rash, with severe cases occurring in immunocompromised individuals. The virus has evolved strategies to evade host immune responses, including inhibiting interferon production, blocking signaling pathways, and modulating apoptosis and inflammasomes. Current vaccines, such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000, offer some protection against MPXV, but new vaccines and antiviral therapies are needed, especially for vulnerable populations. Research into MPXV's biology, pathogenesis, and immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a DNA virus in the Orthopoxvirus genus, causes zoonotic infections and has recently emerged as a global health threat due to a non-endemic outbreak in 2022. MPXV is divided into two clades, I and II, with clade I being more severe and associated with higher mortality. The virus primarily affects Central and West Africa and is transmitted through close contact, sexual activity, and exposure to skin lesions. MPXV infection leads to symptoms such as fever, headache, and rash, with severe cases occurring in immunocompromised individuals. The virus has evolved strategies to evade host immune responses, including inhibiting interferon production, blocking signaling pathways, and modulating apoptosis and inflammasomes. Current vaccines, such as JYNNEOS and ACAM2000, offer some protection against MPXV, but new vaccines and antiviral therapies are needed, especially for vulnerable populations. Research into MPXV's biology, pathogenesis, and immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.