The neural control of micturition, or urination, is a complex process involving multiple brain regions, spinal cord pathways, and peripheral nervous system components. This review highlights the neural circuitry that regulates voluntary and reflex micturition, the changes in neural pathways following neurological injuries or diseases, and new therapies for treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The storage and elimination of urine depend on coordinated activity between the bladder and urethral outlet, mediated by a distributed neural control system. The lower urinary tract differs from other visceral structures in its dependence on CNS control and its unique pattern of activity and neural control mechanisms. The review also discusses the sensory role of non-neuronal cells, such as the urothelium, which plays a crucial role in bladder sensation and chemical communication with nerves. The neural pathways involved in micturition are organized as simple on-off switching circuits, with storage reflexes activated during bladder filling and voiding mediated by reflex mechanisms in the brain. The review covers the regulation of bladder filling and voiding, including the involvement of the pontine storage center and the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. It also explores the neurotransmitters and neuroplasticity mechanisms that underlie these processes, as well as the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO) and cystitis. Finally, the review discusses new therapies, such as vanilloid receptor agonists and botulinum toxin A, which have shown promise in treating urinary incontinence and detrusor overactivity.The neural control of micturition, or urination, is a complex process involving multiple brain regions, spinal cord pathways, and peripheral nervous system components. This review highlights the neural circuitry that regulates voluntary and reflex micturition, the changes in neural pathways following neurological injuries or diseases, and new therapies for treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction. The storage and elimination of urine depend on coordinated activity between the bladder and urethral outlet, mediated by a distributed neural control system. The lower urinary tract differs from other visceral structures in its dependence on CNS control and its unique pattern of activity and neural control mechanisms. The review also discusses the sensory role of non-neuronal cells, such as the urothelium, which plays a crucial role in bladder sensation and chemical communication with nerves. The neural pathways involved in micturition are organized as simple on-off switching circuits, with storage reflexes activated during bladder filling and voiding mediated by reflex mechanisms in the brain. The review covers the regulation of bladder filling and voiding, including the involvement of the pontine storage center and the role of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. It also explores the neurotransmitters and neuroplasticity mechanisms that underlie these processes, as well as the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor overactivity (IDO) and cystitis. Finally, the review discusses new therapies, such as vanilloid receptor agonists and botulinum toxin A, which have shown promise in treating urinary incontinence and detrusor overactivity.