This narrative review explores the neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment (CM) on brain structure, function, connectivity, and network architecture, as well as its impact on psychopathology and resilience. The review highlights the specific types of CM, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and harsh corporal punishment, and their distinct effects on brain regions involved in sensory systems, threat detection, emotional regulation, and reward anticipation. It also discusses the role of maternal communication and attachment disturbances in these effects, using laboratory measures and case-control studies to examine neurobiological alterations in children with maltreatment histories, including reactive attachment disorder (RAD). The review further examines the acute effects of oxytocin on RAD and maltreatment, and the methylation of oxytocin regulatory genes, suggesting that epigenetic changes may play a critical role in initiating or producing atypical brain alterations. Finally, it emphasizes the potential for reversal through psychological and pharmacological interventions, and the need for comprehensive therapeutic approaches to address the long-term psychological consequences of CM.This narrative review explores the neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment (CM) on brain structure, function, connectivity, and network architecture, as well as its impact on psychopathology and resilience. The review highlights the specific types of CM, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and harsh corporal punishment, and their distinct effects on brain regions involved in sensory systems, threat detection, emotional regulation, and reward anticipation. It also discusses the role of maternal communication and attachment disturbances in these effects, using laboratory measures and case-control studies to examine neurobiological alterations in children with maltreatment histories, including reactive attachment disorder (RAD). The review further examines the acute effects of oxytocin on RAD and maltreatment, and the methylation of oxytocin regulatory genes, suggesting that epigenetic changes may play a critical role in initiating or producing atypical brain alterations. Finally, it emphasizes the potential for reversal through psychological and pharmacological interventions, and the need for comprehensive therapeutic approaches to address the long-term psychological consequences of CM.