Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, often asymptomatic until late stages, making early diagnosis critical. The disease involves progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve head changes, primarily driven by intraocular pressure (IOP), though other factors also play a role. Lowering IOP is the only proven treatment, with initial management typically involving eye drops, followed by laser or surgical options. Primary care physicians play a key role in early detection by referring high-risk patients for comprehensive eye exams and emphasizing medication adherence. Glaucoma is classified into open-angle and angle-closure types. Open-angle glaucoma is more common in the U.S., while angle-closure glaucoma causes severe vision loss. Genetic factors, such as mutations in MYOC, OPTN, and other genes, contribute to glaucoma, though these account for less than 10% of cases. Environmental and anatomical factors, including family history, race, and biometric characteristics, also increase risk. Diagnosis relies on identifying optic nerve head changes, visual field defects, and IOP elevation. Advanced imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy improve early detection. Treatment aims to reduce IOP and prevent vision loss, with medications such as prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors being first-line options. Laser trabeculoplasty and surgeries like trabeculectomy are used when medical therapy is insufficient. Angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency requiring immediate intervention, often treated with laser peripheral iridotomy. Management of suspected cases involves prophylactic iridotomy and other preventive measures. Surgical options, including trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage implants, are used for advanced cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent irreversible vision loss, with primary care physicians playing a vital role in identifying at-risk patients and facilitating timely referrals.Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, often asymptomatic until late stages, making early diagnosis critical. The disease involves progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve head changes, primarily driven by intraocular pressure (IOP), though other factors also play a role. Lowering IOP is the only proven treatment, with initial management typically involving eye drops, followed by laser or surgical options. Primary care physicians play a key role in early detection by referring high-risk patients for comprehensive eye exams and emphasizing medication adherence. Glaucoma is classified into open-angle and angle-closure types. Open-angle glaucoma is more common in the U.S., while angle-closure glaucoma causes severe vision loss. Genetic factors, such as mutations in MYOC, OPTN, and other genes, contribute to glaucoma, though these account for less than 10% of cases. Environmental and anatomical factors, including family history, race, and biometric characteristics, also increase risk. Diagnosis relies on identifying optic nerve head changes, visual field defects, and IOP elevation. Advanced imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy improve early detection. Treatment aims to reduce IOP and prevent vision loss, with medications such as prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors being first-line options. Laser trabeculoplasty and surgeries like trabeculectomy are used when medical therapy is insufficient. Angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency requiring immediate intervention, often treated with laser peripheral iridotomy. Management of suspected cases involves prophylactic iridotomy and other preventive measures. Surgical options, including trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage implants, are used for advanced cases. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent irreversible vision loss, with primary care physicians playing a vital role in identifying at-risk patients and facilitating timely referrals.