The plant microbiome consists of microbial communities associated with plants, including the rhizosphere (soil-root interface), phyllosphere (aerial surfaces), and endosphere (internal tissues). These communities play a crucial role in plant health, productivity, and biogeochemical cycles. The rhizosphere is rich in microbial diversity, influenced by root exudates and mucilage, while the phyllosphere is nutrient-poor and subject to extreme environmental conditions. The endosphere contains microbes that live within plant tissues and can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful interactions with their hosts. Microbial communities are influenced by the plant genome and can be considered an extension of the host's genetic material. High-throughput technologies are revealing the complex interactions between these communities and their hosts. Culture-independent molecular techniques, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, are being used to study the plant microbiome, allowing for the identification of microbial species and their functional roles. The rhizosphere microbiome is shaped by root exudates, which vary between plant species and developmental stages. These exudates influence microbial community structure and function. The phyllosphere is a dynamic environment with high microbial turnover, and microbial communities here are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and radiation. The endosphere microbiome is less studied, but it includes microbes that can colonize plant tissues and may have beneficial effects on plant growth and disease resistance. Endophytic bacteria, which reside within plant tissues, can promote plant growth by fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing plant hormones. They can also suppress plant pathogens through the production of antimicrobial compounds. The interaction between plants and their microbiome is complex and dynamic, with the plant immune system playing a key role in shaping microbial communities. The plant microbiome can influence plant health, productivity, and environmental processes, and understanding these interactions is essential for sustainable agricultural practices.The plant microbiome consists of microbial communities associated with plants, including the rhizosphere (soil-root interface), phyllosphere (aerial surfaces), and endosphere (internal tissues). These communities play a crucial role in plant health, productivity, and biogeochemical cycles. The rhizosphere is rich in microbial diversity, influenced by root exudates and mucilage, while the phyllosphere is nutrient-poor and subject to extreme environmental conditions. The endosphere contains microbes that live within plant tissues and can have beneficial, neutral, or harmful interactions with their hosts. Microbial communities are influenced by the plant genome and can be considered an extension of the host's genetic material. High-throughput technologies are revealing the complex interactions between these communities and their hosts. Culture-independent molecular techniques, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, are being used to study the plant microbiome, allowing for the identification of microbial species and their functional roles. The rhizosphere microbiome is shaped by root exudates, which vary between plant species and developmental stages. These exudates influence microbial community structure and function. The phyllosphere is a dynamic environment with high microbial turnover, and microbial communities here are influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and radiation. The endosphere microbiome is less studied, but it includes microbes that can colonize plant tissues and may have beneficial effects on plant growth and disease resistance. Endophytic bacteria, which reside within plant tissues, can promote plant growth by fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, and producing plant hormones. They can also suppress plant pathogens through the production of antimicrobial compounds. The interaction between plants and their microbiome is complex and dynamic, with the plant immune system playing a key role in shaping microbial communities. The plant microbiome can influence plant health, productivity, and environmental processes, and understanding these interactions is essential for sustainable agricultural practices.