Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) material composed of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has emerged as a rapidly rising star in materials science and condensed matter physics. Despite its short history, graphene has already demonstrated a wide range of novel physical properties and potential applications. Its unique electronic spectrum, characterized by a linear energy dispersion, has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of "relativistic" condensed matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can be mimicked and studied in tabletop experiments. Graphene's exceptional electronic quality, with high mobility and ballistic transport at room temperature, has made it a promising candidate for electronic applications, such as transistors and quantum computing. Additionally, graphene's potential in composite materials, batteries, field emitters, and gas sensors highlights its broad applicability. The discovery of graphene has sparked a gold rush of research, and while significant progress has been made, the full potential of this material remains to be fully explored.Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) material composed of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has emerged as a rapidly rising star in materials science and condensed matter physics. Despite its short history, graphene has already demonstrated a wide range of novel physical properties and potential applications. Its unique electronic spectrum, characterized by a linear energy dispersion, has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of "relativistic" condensed matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can be mimicked and studied in tabletop experiments. Graphene's exceptional electronic quality, with high mobility and ballistic transport at room temperature, has made it a promising candidate for electronic applications, such as transistors and quantum computing. Additionally, graphene's potential in composite materials, batteries, field emitters, and gas sensors highlights its broad applicability. The discovery of graphene has sparked a gold rush of research, and while significant progress has been made, the full potential of this material remains to be fully explored.