Graphene, a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has emerged as a groundbreaking material in materials science and condensed matter physics. Despite its short history, graphene has already revealed a wealth of new physics and potential applications. Its unique electronic properties, including the presence of massless Dirac fermions, have led to the development of a new paradigm in "relativistic" condensed matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can be studied in tabletop experiments. Graphene's exceptional electronic quality and low-dimensional nature have made it a subject of intense research, with applications ranging from electronics to quantum computing. Graphene's discovery challenged the long-held belief that strictly two-dimensional crystals could not exist due to thermal fluctuations. The experimental isolation of free-standing graphene in 2004, along with the confirmation that its charge carriers are massless Dirac fermions, marked the beginning of the "graphene gold rush." This material has since been shown to exhibit remarkable electronic properties, including high charge carrier mobility and ballistic transport, which make it a promising candidate for future electronic devices. Graphene's unique electronic structure, described by the Dirac equation, has led to the observation of novel quantum phenomena, such as the chiral quantum Hall effect. These effects highlight the material's potential for applications in quantum computing and spintronics. Additionally, graphene's ability to support quantum electrodynamics (QED) phenomena has opened new avenues for exploring fundamental physics. Despite its promise, challenges remain in the development of graphene-based electronics, including the need for high-quality, reproducible graphene wafers and the control of individual features in graphene devices. However, ongoing research continues to address these challenges, with the potential for graphene to revolutionize various fields, from electronics to energy storage and quantum computing. The future of graphene looks bright, with continued exploration of its unique properties and potential applications.Graphene, a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has emerged as a groundbreaking material in materials science and condensed matter physics. Despite its short history, graphene has already revealed a wealth of new physics and potential applications. Its unique electronic properties, including the presence of massless Dirac fermions, have led to the development of a new paradigm in "relativistic" condensed matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena can be studied in tabletop experiments. Graphene's exceptional electronic quality and low-dimensional nature have made it a subject of intense research, with applications ranging from electronics to quantum computing. Graphene's discovery challenged the long-held belief that strictly two-dimensional crystals could not exist due to thermal fluctuations. The experimental isolation of free-standing graphene in 2004, along with the confirmation that its charge carriers are massless Dirac fermions, marked the beginning of the "graphene gold rush." This material has since been shown to exhibit remarkable electronic properties, including high charge carrier mobility and ballistic transport, which make it a promising candidate for future electronic devices. Graphene's unique electronic structure, described by the Dirac equation, has led to the observation of novel quantum phenomena, such as the chiral quantum Hall effect. These effects highlight the material's potential for applications in quantum computing and spintronics. Additionally, graphene's ability to support quantum electrodynamics (QED) phenomena has opened new avenues for exploring fundamental physics. Despite its promise, challenges remain in the development of graphene-based electronics, including the need for high-quality, reproducible graphene wafers and the control of individual features in graphene devices. However, ongoing research continues to address these challenges, with the potential for graphene to revolutionize various fields, from electronics to energy storage and quantum computing. The future of graphene looks bright, with continued exploration of its unique properties and potential applications.