RNA has emerged as a central player in gene regulation, challenging the traditional view that proteins are the primary regulators of gene expression. Over the past decade, discoveries have revealed that RNA not only functions as a messenger between DNA and protein but also plays a critical role in regulating genome organization and gene expression, particularly in complex organisms. Regulatory RNAs operate at multiple levels, including epigenetic processes that control differentiation and development. These findings suggest that RNA is essential for human evolution and ontogeny. The central dogma of molecular biology, which posits that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, has been expanded to include RNA's regulatory functions. The discovery of introns and RNA interference (RNAi) has led to the identification of numerous RNA types, including small RNAs, which regulate gene expression through mechanisms such as base pairing with target mRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are key players in post-transcriptional regulation, influencing processes such as cell differentiation, development, and disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have also been identified as important regulators of gene expression, with functions in chromatin modification, epigenetic regulation, and developmental processes. These RNAs can act as scaffolds for protein complexes, influence transcriptional activity, and regulate alternative splicing. The discovery of lncRNAs has challenged the notion that only protein-coding genes are functionally significant, highlighting the importance of non-coding RNA in biological processes. In addition to their roles in eukaryotic organisms, regulatory RNAs are also present in prokaryotes, where they regulate adaptive responses through antisense mechanisms and riboswitches. The CRISPR system, which uses small RNAs to target and destroy viral DNA, exemplifies the sophisticated regulatory functions of RNA in bacterial genomes. The increasing understanding of RNA's regulatory roles has led to a reevaluation of the traditional view of gene regulation, emphasizing the importance of RNA in both development and disease. The complexity of RNA regulatory networks suggests that RNA is not just a passive molecule but an active participant in cellular processes, influencing gene expression, chromatin structure, and epigenetic modifications. The study of RNA regulation continues to reveal new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying development, disease, and evolution.RNA has emerged as a central player in gene regulation, challenging the traditional view that proteins are the primary regulators of gene expression. Over the past decade, discoveries have revealed that RNA not only functions as a messenger between DNA and protein but also plays a critical role in regulating genome organization and gene expression, particularly in complex organisms. Regulatory RNAs operate at multiple levels, including epigenetic processes that control differentiation and development. These findings suggest that RNA is essential for human evolution and ontogeny. The central dogma of molecular biology, which posits that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, has been expanded to include RNA's regulatory functions. The discovery of introns and RNA interference (RNAi) has led to the identification of numerous RNA types, including small RNAs, which regulate gene expression through mechanisms such as base pairing with target mRNAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are key players in post-transcriptional regulation, influencing processes such as cell differentiation, development, and disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have also been identified as important regulators of gene expression, with functions in chromatin modification, epigenetic regulation, and developmental processes. These RNAs can act as scaffolds for protein complexes, influence transcriptional activity, and regulate alternative splicing. The discovery of lncRNAs has challenged the notion that only protein-coding genes are functionally significant, highlighting the importance of non-coding RNA in biological processes. In addition to their roles in eukaryotic organisms, regulatory RNAs are also present in prokaryotes, where they regulate adaptive responses through antisense mechanisms and riboswitches. The CRISPR system, which uses small RNAs to target and destroy viral DNA, exemplifies the sophisticated regulatory functions of RNA in bacterial genomes. The increasing understanding of RNA's regulatory roles has led to a reevaluation of the traditional view of gene regulation, emphasizing the importance of RNA in both development and disease. The complexity of RNA regulatory networks suggests that RNA is not just a passive molecule but an active participant in cellular processes, influencing gene expression, chromatin structure, and epigenetic modifications. The study of RNA regulation continues to reveal new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying development, disease, and evolution.