The article "The role of ESAT-6 in tuberculosis immunopathology" explores the multifaceted role of the protein ESAT-6 in the immune response and pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). ESAT-6, secreted by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (Mtb), plays a crucial role in modulating host immune responses and facilitating bacterial survival and dissemination. The protein is secreted through the ESAT-6 secretion system-1 (ESX-1), which is induced by the difference region (RD) 1 locus. ESAT-6 interacts with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other immune receptors, activating inflammatory pathways and promoting cell death, particularly apoptosis and necrosis. This interaction leads to tissue damage and exacerbates the immunopathology of TB. Additionally, ESAT-6 can modulate autophagy, a cellular recycling process, by activating the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thereby inhibiting autophagy and promoting bacterial replication. ESAT-6 also influences adaptive immunity by activating T cells and promoting Th17 cell differentiation, making it a potential vaccine candidate. As a biomarker, ESAT-6 levels in serum can be used to diagnose TB and predict disease progression. The article highlights the potential of targeting ESAT-6 in therapeutic interventions to mitigate the immunopathology of TB and improve treatment outcomes.The article "The role of ESAT-6 in tuberculosis immunopathology" explores the multifaceted role of the protein ESAT-6 in the immune response and pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). ESAT-6, secreted by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (Mtb), plays a crucial role in modulating host immune responses and facilitating bacterial survival and dissemination. The protein is secreted through the ESAT-6 secretion system-1 (ESX-1), which is induced by the difference region (RD) 1 locus. ESAT-6 interacts with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other immune receptors, activating inflammatory pathways and promoting cell death, particularly apoptosis and necrosis. This interaction leads to tissue damage and exacerbates the immunopathology of TB. Additionally, ESAT-6 can modulate autophagy, a cellular recycling process, by activating the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, thereby inhibiting autophagy and promoting bacterial replication. ESAT-6 also influences adaptive immunity by activating T cells and promoting Th17 cell differentiation, making it a potential vaccine candidate. As a biomarker, ESAT-6 levels in serum can be used to diagnose TB and predict disease progression. The article highlights the potential of targeting ESAT-6 in therapeutic interventions to mitigate the immunopathology of TB and improve treatment outcomes.