Executive function (EF) and attention play critical roles in gait, particularly in healthy individuals and those with gait disorders. EF involves higher cognitive processes that modulate behavior, including planning, inhibition, and self-awareness, while attention is essential for maintaining balance and navigating complex environments. Gait is not purely automatic but requires cognitive engagement, especially in dual-task situations where multiple tasks are performed simultaneously. Impairments in EF and attention are associated with gait disturbances, fall risk, and aging-related changes. Studies show that dual-tasking increases gait variability and reduces walking speed, particularly in older adults and those with neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease. The relationship between EF and gait is complex, with EF deficits leading to impaired walking and increased fall risk. Attentional demands during walking are often tested using dual-task paradigms, revealing that gait performance is influenced by cognitive resources. In clinical settings, assessing EF and attention can help identify gait disorders and fall risk. While EF generally remains intact in healthy aging, some components like attention show subtle decline. Dual-tasking costs increase as gait becomes less automatic, especially in patient populations. Treatments targeting EF and dual-tasking abilities, such as cognitive training or pharmacological interventions, may improve gait and reduce fall risk. Overall, EF and attention are integral to gait control, and their assessment is crucial for understanding and managing gait disorders.Executive function (EF) and attention play critical roles in gait, particularly in healthy individuals and those with gait disorders. EF involves higher cognitive processes that modulate behavior, including planning, inhibition, and self-awareness, while attention is essential for maintaining balance and navigating complex environments. Gait is not purely automatic but requires cognitive engagement, especially in dual-task situations where multiple tasks are performed simultaneously. Impairments in EF and attention are associated with gait disturbances, fall risk, and aging-related changes. Studies show that dual-tasking increases gait variability and reduces walking speed, particularly in older adults and those with neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease. The relationship between EF and gait is complex, with EF deficits leading to impaired walking and increased fall risk. Attentional demands during walking are often tested using dual-task paradigms, revealing that gait performance is influenced by cognitive resources. In clinical settings, assessing EF and attention can help identify gait disorders and fall risk. While EF generally remains intact in healthy aging, some components like attention show subtle decline. Dual-tasking costs increase as gait becomes less automatic, especially in patient populations. Treatments targeting EF and dual-tasking abilities, such as cognitive training or pharmacological interventions, may improve gait and reduce fall risk. Overall, EF and attention are integral to gait control, and their assessment is crucial for understanding and managing gait disorders.