Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that play a crucial role in sensing inflammatory signals and triggering the innate immune response. Each inflammasome complex consists of three main components: an upstream sensor molecule, a downstream effector protein (such as caspase-1), and an adapter protein (such as ASC). Inflammasome formation typically occurs in response to infectious agents or cellular damage, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pyroptotic cell death. Abnormal inflammasome activation contributes to the development of various diseases, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent research has focused on understanding the mechanisms that regulate inflammasome assembly and activation, as well as the potential of targeting inflammasomes to treat these diseases. Multiple clinical trials are underway to evaluate the therapeutic potential of inflammasome-targeting therapies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the biological and pathological roles of inflammasomes in health and disease, highlighting key evidence that suggests targeting inflammasomes could be a novel strategy for developing new disease-modifying therapies.Inflammasomes are large protein complexes that play a crucial role in sensing inflammatory signals and triggering the innate immune response. Each inflammasome complex consists of three main components: an upstream sensor molecule, a downstream effector protein (such as caspase-1), and an adapter protein (such as ASC). Inflammasome formation typically occurs in response to infectious agents or cellular damage, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pyroptotic cell death. Abnormal inflammasome activation contributes to the development of various diseases, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative disorders. Recent research has focused on understanding the mechanisms that regulate inflammasome assembly and activation, as well as the potential of targeting inflammasomes to treat these diseases. Multiple clinical trials are underway to evaluate the therapeutic potential of inflammasome-targeting therapies. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the biological and pathological roles of inflammasomes in health and disease, highlighting key evidence that suggests targeting inflammasomes could be a novel strategy for developing new disease-modifying therapies.