Neuroinflammation is a complex immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) triggered by factors such as trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. It involves the activation of glial cells, release of inflammatory mediators, and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. While neuroinflammation initially protects the brain, chronic or excessive inflammation contributes to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis. This review explores the major neuroinflammatory pathways and potential therapeutic targets for these conditions. It discusses the roles of microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells in neuroinflammation, highlighting their contributions to neurodegeneration. The review also examines the impact of cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and gut microbiota on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic approaches include targeting inflammatory pathways, modulating immune responses, and using antioxidants. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding neuroinflammation to develop effective treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.Neuroinflammation is a complex immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) triggered by factors such as trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. It involves the activation of glial cells, release of inflammatory mediators, and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. While neuroinflammation initially protects the brain, chronic or excessive inflammation contributes to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis. This review explores the major neuroinflammatory pathways and potential therapeutic targets for these conditions. It discusses the roles of microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells in neuroinflammation, highlighting their contributions to neurodegeneration. The review also examines the impact of cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and gut microbiota on neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Therapeutic approaches include targeting inflammatory pathways, modulating immune responses, and using antioxidants. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding neuroinflammation to develop effective treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.