Neuroinflammation is a complex cellular immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) that can be protective against pathogens but can also lead to pathological states in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Multiple Sclerosis. This review highlights the major neuroinflammatory signaling pathways and explores promising therapeutic approaches, including stem cell therapy, genetic intervention, and nanoparticles, to regulate neuroinflammation and potentially slow or prevent the progression of these conditions. The intricate connection between neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments. Key mechanisms of neuroinflammation include microglial activation, astrocyte response, infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and cytokine production. Therapeutic strategies focus on targeting inflammatory pathways, toll-like receptors (TLRs), gut microbiota, antioxidants, and nanoparticles to modulate the immune response and promote neuroprotection. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for advancing treatments that can alleviate the burden of neurodegenerative disorders.Neuroinflammation is a complex cellular immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) that can be protective against pathogens but can also lead to pathological states in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Multiple Sclerosis. This review highlights the major neuroinflammatory signaling pathways and explores promising therapeutic approaches, including stem cell therapy, genetic intervention, and nanoparticles, to regulate neuroinflammation and potentially slow or prevent the progression of these conditions. The intricate connection between neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments. Key mechanisms of neuroinflammation include microglial activation, astrocyte response, infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and cytokine production. Therapeutic strategies focus on targeting inflammatory pathways, toll-like receptors (TLRs), gut microbiota, antioxidants, and nanoparticles to modulate the immune response and promote neuroprotection. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for advancing treatments that can alleviate the burden of neurodegenerative disorders.