The article reviews the role of Rho GTPases in neuronal development, emphasizing their involvement in neurite outgrowth, axon pathfinding, and dendritic spine formation. Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, are crucial for regulating the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, which are essential for neuronal morphology and function. The authors discuss how these GTPases interact with various signaling molecules and effectors to control neuronal development. For instance, Rac1 and Cdc42 activate downstream effectors like PAK kinases and WAVE proteins, which promote actin filament assembly and neurite formation. In contrast, RhoA and Rho-kinase antagonize these processes by inhibiting actin polymerization and promoting neurite retraction. The article also explores the signaling pathways that regulate Rho GTPase activity, such as those involving growth factors, receptors, and regulatory molecules like PI 3-kinase and Ras. Additionally, it highlights the importance of specific Rho GTPase effectors, such as Tiam1, STEF, and FIR, in neurite formation. The role of other Rho GTPases, including RhoG, Rnd1/2, TC10, and RhoT, in neuronal development is also discussed, emphasizing their potential contributions to neurite formation and microtubule dynamics. Overall, the review underscores the critical role of Rho GTPases in maintaining proper neuronal structure and function, and how disruptions in their signaling pathways can lead to cognitive disorders.The article reviews the role of Rho GTPases in neuronal development, emphasizing their involvement in neurite outgrowth, axon pathfinding, and dendritic spine formation. Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, are crucial for regulating the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, which are essential for neuronal morphology and function. The authors discuss how these GTPases interact with various signaling molecules and effectors to control neuronal development. For instance, Rac1 and Cdc42 activate downstream effectors like PAK kinases and WAVE proteins, which promote actin filament assembly and neurite formation. In contrast, RhoA and Rho-kinase antagonize these processes by inhibiting actin polymerization and promoting neurite retraction. The article also explores the signaling pathways that regulate Rho GTPase activity, such as those involving growth factors, receptors, and regulatory molecules like PI 3-kinase and Ras. Additionally, it highlights the importance of specific Rho GTPase effectors, such as Tiam1, STEF, and FIR, in neurite formation. The role of other Rho GTPases, including RhoG, Rnd1/2, TC10, and RhoT, in neuronal development is also discussed, emphasizing their potential contributions to neurite formation and microtubule dynamics. Overall, the review underscores the critical role of Rho GTPases in maintaining proper neuronal structure and function, and how disruptions in their signaling pathways can lead to cognitive disorders.