The sociotechnical entanglement of AI and values

The sociotechnical entanglement of AI and values

27 January 2024 | Deborah G. Johnson, Mario Verdicchio
The article discusses the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and values, arguing that neither of the two main concepts of AI—computational artifacts nor sociotechnical systems—allows for the embedding of values into AI. When AI is viewed as computational artifacts, values and AI are ontologically distinct, making it impossible to embed values into AI. However, when AI is understood as a sociotechnical system, values and AI are both social and can be analyzed within this framework. The relationship between values and AI is best understood as a dimension of the relationship between technology and society, which is co-productive. The co-production framework shows that values and AI are generative of new meaning, in contrast to the framework of 'embedding' values, which frames values as fixed things that can be inserted into technological artifacts. The article critiques the idea that values can be embedded in AI, especially when AI is understood as computational artifacts. It uses three examples of AI systems to illustrate this point: an AI system used to distribute job advertisements in an equitable way, Tay, the AI Twitter-bot that wrote racist tweets, and the Iron Dome, an AI-based anti-missile system designed to defend Israeli lives. These examples show that values are not embedded in AI but are attributed to AI by humans due to the effects of AI and the way it operates in relation to things people care about. Values are not in the code but are produced through the interaction between AI and social relations. The article argues that the relationship between values and AI can best be understood when AI is viewed as a sociotechnical system, a combination of computational artifacts and social relations. This perspective allows for a more accurate understanding of how AI can have a relationship to values, recognizing that AI includes people and it is people who entertain notions of values. The article concludes that the relationship between values and AI is best understood through the sociotechnical systems perspective, which recognizes the complex interplay between technology and society.The article discusses the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and values, arguing that neither of the two main concepts of AI—computational artifacts nor sociotechnical systems—allows for the embedding of values into AI. When AI is viewed as computational artifacts, values and AI are ontologically distinct, making it impossible to embed values into AI. However, when AI is understood as a sociotechnical system, values and AI are both social and can be analyzed within this framework. The relationship between values and AI is best understood as a dimension of the relationship between technology and society, which is co-productive. The co-production framework shows that values and AI are generative of new meaning, in contrast to the framework of 'embedding' values, which frames values as fixed things that can be inserted into technological artifacts. The article critiques the idea that values can be embedded in AI, especially when AI is understood as computational artifacts. It uses three examples of AI systems to illustrate this point: an AI system used to distribute job advertisements in an equitable way, Tay, the AI Twitter-bot that wrote racist tweets, and the Iron Dome, an AI-based anti-missile system designed to defend Israeli lives. These examples show that values are not embedded in AI but are attributed to AI by humans due to the effects of AI and the way it operates in relation to things people care about. Values are not in the code but are produced through the interaction between AI and social relations. The article argues that the relationship between values and AI can best be understood when AI is viewed as a sociotechnical system, a combination of computational artifacts and social relations. This perspective allows for a more accurate understanding of how AI can have a relationship to values, recognizing that AI includes people and it is people who entertain notions of values. The article concludes that the relationship between values and AI is best understood through the sociotechnical systems perspective, which recognizes the complex interplay between technology and society.
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[slides and audio] The sociotechnical entanglement of AI and values