The article reviews the impact of neutrino oscillation experiments on the Standard Model's inability to explain quark and lepton "flavours." It discusses the seesaw and "scotogenic" approaches to neutrino mass, including the possibility of WIMP dark matter. The limitations of popular neutrino mixing patterns are examined, and the authors explore the possibility that these patterns arise from symmetry, providing a bottom-up approach to residual flavor and CP symmetries. They show how family and/or CP symmetries can generate novel viable and predictive mixing patterns. The review also covers model-independent ways to predict lepton mixing and test both mixing predictions and mass sum rules. Additionally, it discusses UV-complete flavor theories in four and more space-time dimensions and their predictions. The article presents benchmark models, such as an $A_4$ scotogenic construction with trimaximal mixing (TM2) and higher-dimensional completions like 5-D warped flavordynamics. It also reviews how 6-D orbifolds can determine the structure of 4-D family symmetry from the symmetries between extra-dimensional branes. Finally, it discusses the "golden" quark-lepton mass relation, large neutrino mass with normal ordering, higher atmospheric octant, restricted reactor angle, and an excellent global flavor fit, including quark observables. The article concludes with a discussion on recent progress in addressing the flavor issue through modular symmetries.The article reviews the impact of neutrino oscillation experiments on the Standard Model's inability to explain quark and lepton "flavours." It discusses the seesaw and "scotogenic" approaches to neutrino mass, including the possibility of WIMP dark matter. The limitations of popular neutrino mixing patterns are examined, and the authors explore the possibility that these patterns arise from symmetry, providing a bottom-up approach to residual flavor and CP symmetries. They show how family and/or CP symmetries can generate novel viable and predictive mixing patterns. The review also covers model-independent ways to predict lepton mixing and test both mixing predictions and mass sum rules. Additionally, it discusses UV-complete flavor theories in four and more space-time dimensions and their predictions. The article presents benchmark models, such as an $A_4$ scotogenic construction with trimaximal mixing (TM2) and higher-dimensional completions like 5-D warped flavordynamics. It also reviews how 6-D orbifolds can determine the structure of 4-D family symmetry from the symmetries between extra-dimensional branes. Finally, it discusses the "golden" quark-lepton mass relation, large neutrino mass with normal ordering, higher atmospheric octant, restricted reactor angle, and an excellent global flavor fit, including quark observables. The article concludes with a discussion on recent progress in addressing the flavor issue through modular symmetries.