The article discusses the symmetry approach to quark and lepton masses and mixing, focusing on the Standard Model's shortcomings in explaining these phenomena. It reviews the impact of neutrino oscillation experiments, which show that leptons mix differently from quarks, challenging the Standard Model's ability to describe the "flavour puzzle." The paper explores the seesaw and "scotogenic" approaches to neutrino mass, including WIMP dark matter. It discusses the limitations of popular neutrino mixing patterns and examines how symmetry can generate novel mixing patterns. The article reviews model-independent ways to predict lepton mixing and test mixing predictions and mass sum rules. It also discusses UV-complete flavour theories in four and more space-time dimensions, and their predictions. The paper presents a T' warped flavordynamics theory with TM1 mixing pattern, detectable neutrinoless double beta decay rates, and a very good fit of flavour observables, including quarks. It also reviews how 6-D orbifolds offer a way to determine the structure of the 4-D family symmetry from the symmetries between the extra-D branes. The paper describes a scotogenic A4 orbifold predicting the "golden" quark-lepton mass relation, large neutrino mass with normal ordering, higher atmospheric octant, restricted reactor angle, and an excellent global flavour fit, including quark observables. Finally, it discusses recent progress in tackling the flavour issue through the use of modular symmetries. The paper emphasizes the importance of symmetry in explaining the flavour puzzle and provides a comprehensive overview of various approaches to this problem.The article discusses the symmetry approach to quark and lepton masses and mixing, focusing on the Standard Model's shortcomings in explaining these phenomena. It reviews the impact of neutrino oscillation experiments, which show that leptons mix differently from quarks, challenging the Standard Model's ability to describe the "flavour puzzle." The paper explores the seesaw and "scotogenic" approaches to neutrino mass, including WIMP dark matter. It discusses the limitations of popular neutrino mixing patterns and examines how symmetry can generate novel mixing patterns. The article reviews model-independent ways to predict lepton mixing and test mixing predictions and mass sum rules. It also discusses UV-complete flavour theories in four and more space-time dimensions, and their predictions. The paper presents a T' warped flavordynamics theory with TM1 mixing pattern, detectable neutrinoless double beta decay rates, and a very good fit of flavour observables, including quarks. It also reviews how 6-D orbifolds offer a way to determine the structure of the 4-D family symmetry from the symmetries between the extra-D branes. The paper describes a scotogenic A4 orbifold predicting the "golden" quark-lepton mass relation, large neutrino mass with normal ordering, higher atmospheric octant, restricted reactor angle, and an excellent global flavour fit, including quark observables. Finally, it discusses recent progress in tackling the flavour issue through the use of modular symmetries. The paper emphasizes the importance of symmetry in explaining the flavour puzzle and provides a comprehensive overview of various approaches to this problem.