The article reviews ten pathways for carbon dioxide (CO₂) utilization and removal, highlighting their potential to reduce emissions or remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. These pathways include chemical products, fuels, microalgae, construction materials, CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), enhanced weathering, forestry, land management, and biochar. While some pathways, such as those involving chemicals and fuels, may reduce emissions but not remove CO₂, others, like construction materials and biochar, can both utilize and remove CO₂. Land-based pathways can increase agricultural output and remove CO₂. The assessment suggests that each pathway could scale to over 0.5 gigatonnes of CO₂ utilization annually, but significant barriers to implementation remain, including resource constraints and technological challenges. CO₂ utilization is gaining interest due to its potential to reduce net costs or increase profits from emissions reduction. However, it is also seen as a potential distraction from the successful implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The article defines CO₂ utilization as a process that produces economically valuable products using CO₂, whether from fossil-derived waste gases, captured from the atmosphere, or biologically captured through land-based processes. The ten pathways are categorized as cycling, closed, or open, with cycling pathways moving carbon through industrial systems, closed pathways involving permanent storage, and open pathways involving biological systems. The article assesses the potential scale and economics of each pathway, noting that some are novel or emerging, while others are well-established. It identifies key barriers to scaling, including high costs, technological limitations, and resource constraints. The outlook for CO₂ utilization is optimistic, with potential for significant climate benefits if implemented correctly. However, the article emphasizes the need for careful analysis to determine the overall impact of CO₂ utilization, as it may not always lead to net climate benefits. The article concludes with priorities for future research and policy, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that considers both the potential and the challenges of CO₂ utilization.The article reviews ten pathways for carbon dioxide (CO₂) utilization and removal, highlighting their potential to reduce emissions or remove CO₂ from the atmosphere. These pathways include chemical products, fuels, microalgae, construction materials, CO₂-enhanced oil recovery (CO₂-EOR), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), enhanced weathering, forestry, land management, and biochar. While some pathways, such as those involving chemicals and fuels, may reduce emissions but not remove CO₂, others, like construction materials and biochar, can both utilize and remove CO₂. Land-based pathways can increase agricultural output and remove CO₂. The assessment suggests that each pathway could scale to over 0.5 gigatonnes of CO₂ utilization annually, but significant barriers to implementation remain, including resource constraints and technological challenges. CO₂ utilization is gaining interest due to its potential to reduce net costs or increase profits from emissions reduction. However, it is also seen as a potential distraction from the successful implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The article defines CO₂ utilization as a process that produces economically valuable products using CO₂, whether from fossil-derived waste gases, captured from the atmosphere, or biologically captured through land-based processes. The ten pathways are categorized as cycling, closed, or open, with cycling pathways moving carbon through industrial systems, closed pathways involving permanent storage, and open pathways involving biological systems. The article assesses the potential scale and economics of each pathway, noting that some are novel or emerging, while others are well-established. It identifies key barriers to scaling, including high costs, technological limitations, and resource constraints. The outlook for CO₂ utilization is optimistic, with potential for significant climate benefits if implemented correctly. However, the article emphasizes the need for careful analysis to determine the overall impact of CO₂ utilization, as it may not always lead to net climate benefits. The article concludes with priorities for future research and policy, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that considers both the potential and the challenges of CO₂ utilization.