Nanomedicine has evolved significantly in recent decades, leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to advance targeted drug delivery, imaging, and personalized therapy. Nanomedicines, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, have been developed for disease treatment, particularly cancer. Recent advancements include multifunctional nanomedicines that enable concurrent drug delivery, therapeutic monitoring, and imaging, allowing for immediate responses and personalized treatment plans. This review highlights major advancements in nanomaterials and their potential applications in biological and medical fields, along with clinical translations and challenges in overcoming clinical translation barriers. Nanomedicine has been applied in various advanced fields, including diagnosis, vaccines, immunotherapy, gene delivery, and tissue engineering. In cancer treatment, the EPR effect facilitates selective accumulation of nanomedicines in tumor tissues, enhancing their effectiveness while minimizing systemic exposure. Examples include photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanophotosensitizers (NanoPSs), which offer improved targeting and therapeutic efficacy. NanoPSs can be functionalized with targeting ligands or antibodies to enhance tumor-specific recognition and minimize damage to normal tissues. Clinical applications of PDT have expanded to various malignancies, with ongoing research exploring its potential in brain tumor treatment. In immunotherapy, nanomedicines are used to deliver immunomodulatory agents, enhancing immune responses and targeting the tumor immune microenvironment. Strategies include reprogramming T-cells, activating NK cells, and targeting antigen-presenting cells. Nanoparticles can also serve as carriers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, improving treatment efficacy and reducing adverse effects. Clinical trials are ongoing for various nanoimmunotherapies, including recombinant IL-15 superagonist nanogels and lipid-based mRNA vaccines. In gene delivery, nanomedicines offer targeted delivery of genetic material, overcoming limitations of viral vectors. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles and lipid nanoparticles, are being explored for their ability to deliver siRNA, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, and other therapeutic agents. Challenges include biocompatibility, toxicity, and efficient delivery to target tissues. Recent advancements include the use of cell-penetrating peptides and CRISPR/Cas9 delivery systems for genome editing. In tissue engineering, nanomedicine is used to develop biological substitutes for tissue and organ reconstruction. Nanoparticles can enhance cell growth, tissue regeneration, and functionalization of biomaterials. Clinical translation of nanomedicine in tissue engineering is still in early stages, with ongoing research exploring its potential in various biomedical applications. Overall, nanomedicine holds significant promise in advancing precision healthcare and improving patient outcomes through targeted and personalized therapies.Nanomedicine has evolved significantly in recent decades, leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to advance targeted drug delivery, imaging, and personalized therapy. Nanomedicines, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, have been developed for disease treatment, particularly cancer. Recent advancements include multifunctional nanomedicines that enable concurrent drug delivery, therapeutic monitoring, and imaging, allowing for immediate responses and personalized treatment plans. This review highlights major advancements in nanomaterials and their potential applications in biological and medical fields, along with clinical translations and challenges in overcoming clinical translation barriers. Nanomedicine has been applied in various advanced fields, including diagnosis, vaccines, immunotherapy, gene delivery, and tissue engineering. In cancer treatment, the EPR effect facilitates selective accumulation of nanomedicines in tumor tissues, enhancing their effectiveness while minimizing systemic exposure. Examples include photodynamic therapy (PDT) using nanophotosensitizers (NanoPSs), which offer improved targeting and therapeutic efficacy. NanoPSs can be functionalized with targeting ligands or antibodies to enhance tumor-specific recognition and minimize damage to normal tissues. Clinical applications of PDT have expanded to various malignancies, with ongoing research exploring its potential in brain tumor treatment. In immunotherapy, nanomedicines are used to deliver immunomodulatory agents, enhancing immune responses and targeting the tumor immune microenvironment. Strategies include reprogramming T-cells, activating NK cells, and targeting antigen-presenting cells. Nanoparticles can also serve as carriers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, improving treatment efficacy and reducing adverse effects. Clinical trials are ongoing for various nanoimmunotherapies, including recombinant IL-15 superagonist nanogels and lipid-based mRNA vaccines. In gene delivery, nanomedicines offer targeted delivery of genetic material, overcoming limitations of viral vectors. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles and lipid nanoparticles, are being explored for their ability to deliver siRNA, CRISPR/Cas9 systems, and other therapeutic agents. Challenges include biocompatibility, toxicity, and efficient delivery to target tissues. Recent advancements include the use of cell-penetrating peptides and CRISPR/Cas9 delivery systems for genome editing. In tissue engineering, nanomedicine is used to develop biological substitutes for tissue and organ reconstruction. Nanoparticles can enhance cell growth, tissue regeneration, and functionalization of biomaterials. Clinical translation of nanomedicine in tissue engineering is still in early stages, with ongoing research exploring its potential in various biomedical applications. Overall, nanomedicine holds significant promise in advancing precision healthcare and improving patient outcomes through targeted and personalized therapies.