The concept of nanomedicine has evolved significantly in recent decades, leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to facilitate advancements in targeted drug delivery, imaging, and personalized therapy. Nanomedicines have been developed and applied for disease treatment, particularly in cancer therapy, and have expanded into various advanced fields such as diagnosis, vaccines, immunotherapy, gene delivery, and tissue engineering. Multifunctional nanomedicines enable concurrent medication delivery, therapeutic monitoring, and imaging, allowing for immediate responses and personalized treatment plans. In cancer treatment, nanomedicines offer precision targeting, increased efficacy, and reduced adverse effects. The EPR effect, which allows nanomedicines to accumulate preferentially in tumor tissues, has been a crucial factor in the development of anti-cancer nanomedicines. Examples of successful nanomedicines include SMANCS, a polymer-conjugated nanomedicine approved in Japan, and various other nanomedicines currently in clinical settings or undergoing clinical trials. In immunotherapy, nanomedicines have shown promise in altering the tumor immune microenvironment, targeting T-cells, and activating NK cells. They can also serve as carriers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term safety, and regulatory approval processes remain. In gene delivery, nanomedicines have demonstrated potential in delivering genetic material to target cells and tissues. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as iron oxide NPs, gold NPs, and lipid NPs, have been used for gene therapy. These nanoparticles can improve the efficiency of nucleic acid delivery, reduce toxicity, and enhance cellular internalization. In tissue engineering, nanomedicines have been used to create advanced scaffolds and surfaces that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). These nanodevices can control various cellular processes, such as gene expression and cell adhesion, and have shown promise in regenerating new tissues and organs. Despite the significant progress, nanomedicine still faces challenges, including the need for better understanding of nanoparticle-biomolecule interactions, optimizing delivery strategies, and ensuring biocompatibility and safety. Future research will focus on developing multifunctional platforms, refining targeting strategies, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions.The concept of nanomedicine has evolved significantly in recent decades, leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to facilitate advancements in targeted drug delivery, imaging, and personalized therapy. Nanomedicines have been developed and applied for disease treatment, particularly in cancer therapy, and have expanded into various advanced fields such as diagnosis, vaccines, immunotherapy, gene delivery, and tissue engineering. Multifunctional nanomedicines enable concurrent medication delivery, therapeutic monitoring, and imaging, allowing for immediate responses and personalized treatment plans. In cancer treatment, nanomedicines offer precision targeting, increased efficacy, and reduced adverse effects. The EPR effect, which allows nanomedicines to accumulate preferentially in tumor tissues, has been a crucial factor in the development of anti-cancer nanomedicines. Examples of successful nanomedicines include SMANCS, a polymer-conjugated nanomedicine approved in Japan, and various other nanomedicines currently in clinical settings or undergoing clinical trials. In immunotherapy, nanomedicines have shown promise in altering the tumor immune microenvironment, targeting T-cells, and activating NK cells. They can also serve as carriers for immune checkpoint inhibitors, enhancing the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term safety, and regulatory approval processes remain. In gene delivery, nanomedicines have demonstrated potential in delivering genetic material to target cells and tissues. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as iron oxide NPs, gold NPs, and lipid NPs, have been used for gene therapy. These nanoparticles can improve the efficiency of nucleic acid delivery, reduce toxicity, and enhance cellular internalization. In tissue engineering, nanomedicines have been used to create advanced scaffolds and surfaces that mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). These nanodevices can control various cellular processes, such as gene expression and cell adhesion, and have shown promise in regenerating new tissues and organs. Despite the significant progress, nanomedicine still faces challenges, including the need for better understanding of nanoparticle-biomolecule interactions, optimizing delivery strategies, and ensuring biocompatibility and safety. Future research will focus on developing multifunctional platforms, refining targeting strategies, and enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse reactions.