The article reviews the current state and future prospects of therapeutic antibodies, which have become increasingly important in the treatment of various diseases. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used successfully in the treatment of autoimmune, cardiovascular, infectious diseases, cancer, and inflammation. However, they face limitations such as inadequate pharmacokinetics, tissue accessibility, and interactions with the immune system. The development of chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies has improved their efficacy and reduced immunogenicity. In vitro selection methods, such as phage display, have enabled the creation of fully human antibody fragments with high affinity and specificity. Despite these advancements, production costs remain high, and mAbs often have poor tissue penetration, especially in solid tumors. The article discusses strategies to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies, including Fc engineering, glycoengineering, and the use of antibody fragments and bispecific antibodies. These approaches aim to improve tumor penetration, retention, and the overall therapeutic efficacy of mAbs.The article reviews the current state and future prospects of therapeutic antibodies, which have become increasingly important in the treatment of various diseases. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used successfully in the treatment of autoimmune, cardiovascular, infectious diseases, cancer, and inflammation. However, they face limitations such as inadequate pharmacokinetics, tissue accessibility, and interactions with the immune system. The development of chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies has improved their efficacy and reduced immunogenicity. In vitro selection methods, such as phage display, have enabled the creation of fully human antibody fragments with high affinity and specificity. Despite these advancements, production costs remain high, and mAbs often have poor tissue penetration, especially in solid tumors. The article discusses strategies to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies, including Fc engineering, glycoengineering, and the use of antibody fragments and bispecific antibodies. These approaches aim to improve tumor penetration, retention, and the overall therapeutic efficacy of mAbs.