The thermal properties of carbon materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanostructured carbon materials, have been extensively studied due to their exceptional heat conduction capabilities. Graphene and CNTs exhibit the highest thermal conductivity, with values exceeding 2000 W/mK at room temperature (RT), while amorphous carbon has much lower values. The thermal conductivity of carbon materials varies significantly with structure, size, and disorder. In two-dimensional (2D) systems like graphene, thermal conductivity is influenced by phonon scattering and anharmonicity, leading to unique behavior not observed in bulk materials. Theoretical studies suggest that intrinsic thermal conductivity in 2D systems can be extremely high, but it is limited by system size and disorder. Graphene, in particular, has shown thermal conductivity values exceeding that of bulk graphite, with experimental measurements indicating values above 3000 W/mK. The thermal conductivity of graphene is affected by factors such as layer thickness, defect density, and substrate interactions. The thermal conductivity of CNTs is also high, with values up to 3500 W/mK at RT, and it is influenced by diameter and structural disorder. The thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene are important for applications in thermal management of electronics, where high thermal conductivity is needed to dissipate heat efficiently. Graphene and CNTs are promising materials for use in thermal interface materials (TIMs) due to their high thermal conductivity and ability to enhance the thermal performance of composites. The use of carbon-based composites, such as those containing CNTs, graphene oxide, and graphite nanoplatelets, can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of materials used in electronics and optoelectronics. Thermoelectric effects in graphene have also been studied, with high Seebeck coefficients observed at room temperature. The efficiency of thermoelectric energy conversion is determined by the figure-of-merit ZT, which depends on the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. Graphene's high thermal conductivity can be mitigated by introducing disorder or rough edges, allowing for better thermoelectric performance. Future research on carbon materials is expected to focus on improving their thermal properties for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and energy conversion. Advances in the synthesis and characterization of carbon materials, such as graphene and CNTs, will be crucial for developing new materials with enhanced thermal properties. The potential of carbon materials in thermal management and thermoelectric applications is significant, and further research is needed to fully exploit their capabilities.The thermal properties of carbon materials, including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanostructured carbon materials, have been extensively studied due to their exceptional heat conduction capabilities. Graphene and CNTs exhibit the highest thermal conductivity, with values exceeding 2000 W/mK at room temperature (RT), while amorphous carbon has much lower values. The thermal conductivity of carbon materials varies significantly with structure, size, and disorder. In two-dimensional (2D) systems like graphene, thermal conductivity is influenced by phonon scattering and anharmonicity, leading to unique behavior not observed in bulk materials. Theoretical studies suggest that intrinsic thermal conductivity in 2D systems can be extremely high, but it is limited by system size and disorder. Graphene, in particular, has shown thermal conductivity values exceeding that of bulk graphite, with experimental measurements indicating values above 3000 W/mK. The thermal conductivity of graphene is affected by factors such as layer thickness, defect density, and substrate interactions. The thermal conductivity of CNTs is also high, with values up to 3500 W/mK at RT, and it is influenced by diameter and structural disorder. The thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene are important for applications in thermal management of electronics, where high thermal conductivity is needed to dissipate heat efficiently. Graphene and CNTs are promising materials for use in thermal interface materials (TIMs) due to their high thermal conductivity and ability to enhance the thermal performance of composites. The use of carbon-based composites, such as those containing CNTs, graphene oxide, and graphite nanoplatelets, can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of materials used in electronics and optoelectronics. Thermoelectric effects in graphene have also been studied, with high Seebeck coefficients observed at room temperature. The efficiency of thermoelectric energy conversion is determined by the figure-of-merit ZT, which depends on the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of the material. Graphene's high thermal conductivity can be mitigated by introducing disorder or rough edges, allowing for better thermoelectric performance. Future research on carbon materials is expected to focus on improving their thermal properties for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and energy conversion. Advances in the synthesis and characterization of carbon materials, such as graphene and CNTs, will be crucial for developing new materials with enhanced thermal properties. The potential of carbon materials in thermal management and thermoelectric applications is significant, and further research is needed to fully exploit their capabilities.