Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) have gained significant attention due to their versatile chemistry and fabrication techniques, which have expanded their applications across various industries. TPUs can be modified by incorporating other polymers or fillers, enhancing their properties such as soft touch, elasticity, transparency, impact strength, chemical resistance, and elastic memory. The review covers the fundamental chemistry, synthesis, fabrication techniques, and structure of TPUs, as well as their blends and composites. TPUs are typically synthesized by reacting diisocyanates, polyols, and chain extenders. Diisocyanates can be aliphatic or aromatic, with aromatic isocyanates producing more rigid but less light-stable TPUs. Polyols can be polyester, polyether, or polycarbonate-based, each offering different mechanical strengths and stability properties. Chain extenders, typically low molecular weight diols, are added to reduce microphase separation and increase the molecular weight of the material. The review also discusses the environmental impact of TPUs, highlighting the increasing use of green sources for diisocyanate, polyol, and chain extender production.Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) have gained significant attention due to their versatile chemistry and fabrication techniques, which have expanded their applications across various industries. TPUs can be modified by incorporating other polymers or fillers, enhancing their properties such as soft touch, elasticity, transparency, impact strength, chemical resistance, and elastic memory. The review covers the fundamental chemistry, synthesis, fabrication techniques, and structure of TPUs, as well as their blends and composites. TPUs are typically synthesized by reacting diisocyanates, polyols, and chain extenders. Diisocyanates can be aliphatic or aromatic, with aromatic isocyanates producing more rigid but less light-stable TPUs. Polyols can be polyester, polyether, or polycarbonate-based, each offering different mechanical strengths and stability properties. Chain extenders, typically low molecular weight diols, are added to reduce microphase separation and increase the molecular weight of the material. The review also discusses the environmental impact of TPUs, highlighting the increasing use of green sources for diisocyanate, polyol, and chain extender production.