The article "Threats to Mangroves from Climate Change and Adaptation Options: A Review" by Gilman, Ellison, Duke, and Field (2008) examines the impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems and explores adaptation strategies. The authors highlight that relative sea-level rise is the most significant threat to mangroves, as most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with rising sea levels. They discuss the vulnerability of mangroves to sea-level rise, the impacts of extreme high water events, storms, precipitation, temperature, and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The article also addresses the role of adjacent ecosystems and human responses in exacerbating or mitigating these threats. Adaptation options proposed include reducing non-climate stresses, managing activities in catchments that affect mangrove sediment elevation, managed retreat, fortification, and the establishment of protected area networks. The authors emphasize the need for regional monitoring networks and coastal planning that facilitates mangrove migration and incorporates understanding of shoreline changes. They conclude that while mangroves have demonstrated resilience over historical time scales, future vulnerability will be influenced by anthropogenic disturbances and climate change. The article calls for urgent research to better understand the synergistic effects of multiple stressors and to develop models to predict their impacts.The article "Threats to Mangroves from Climate Change and Adaptation Options: A Review" by Gilman, Ellison, Duke, and Field (2008) examines the impacts of climate change on mangrove ecosystems and explores adaptation strategies. The authors highlight that relative sea-level rise is the most significant threat to mangroves, as most mangrove sediment surface elevations are not keeping pace with rising sea levels. They discuss the vulnerability of mangroves to sea-level rise, the impacts of extreme high water events, storms, precipitation, temperature, and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The article also addresses the role of adjacent ecosystems and human responses in exacerbating or mitigating these threats. Adaptation options proposed include reducing non-climate stresses, managing activities in catchments that affect mangrove sediment elevation, managed retreat, fortification, and the establishment of protected area networks. The authors emphasize the need for regional monitoring networks and coastal planning that facilitates mangrove migration and incorporates understanding of shoreline changes. They conclude that while mangroves have demonstrated resilience over historical time scales, future vulnerability will be influenced by anthropogenic disturbances and climate change. The article calls for urgent research to better understand the synergistic effects of multiple stressors and to develop models to predict their impacts.