Three-Dimensional Einstein Gravity: Dynamics of Flat Space

Three-Dimensional Einstein Gravity: Dynamics of Flat Space

1984 | S. DESER, R. JACKIW, G. 'T HOOFT
This paper discusses three-dimensional Einstein gravity, focusing on the dynamics of flat space. In three spacetime dimensions, Einstein equations imply that source-free regions are flat, and localized sources affect geometry globally rather than locally. The paper analyzes static and moving particle solutions, showing that conserved quantities like energy-momentum and angular momentum are related to topological invariants. The static N-body solution has conical spatial geometry, with total energy determined by the Euler invariant of the spatial surface. Angular momentum introduces novel phenomena involving time. The paper derives the global N-body geometry both analytically and geometrically, discussing angular momentum through explicit solutions and orbital effects. It also comments on the linearized approximation and the absence of a Newtonian limit. When a cosmological term is present, the curvature becomes constant, changing the situation significantly. The static N-body solution is derived using isotropic coordinates and transformed to curvature coordinates to exhibit global aspects. The metric is shown to be locally flat, with the one-body case reducing to a cone. The two-body solution is first obtained by a different argument, and a general geometrical treatment is given in Section V. The paper also discusses angular momentum, showing that a spinning source can be described by a "Kerr" solution. The angular momentum is related to the jump in the time coordinate, and the solution is shown to be consistent with the flat space metric. The paper concludes that the geometric approach provides a powerful way to understand the global and topological features of (2+1)-dimensional gravity. It suggests that quantization of angular momentum may correspond to quantization of time coordinate jumps, though the exact implications are not yet fully understood. The paper also notes that there is no Newtonian limit in three dimensions, and that the absence of a Newtonian correspondence is not a paradox, as it is not guaranteed a priori for Einstein theory.This paper discusses three-dimensional Einstein gravity, focusing on the dynamics of flat space. In three spacetime dimensions, Einstein equations imply that source-free regions are flat, and localized sources affect geometry globally rather than locally. The paper analyzes static and moving particle solutions, showing that conserved quantities like energy-momentum and angular momentum are related to topological invariants. The static N-body solution has conical spatial geometry, with total energy determined by the Euler invariant of the spatial surface. Angular momentum introduces novel phenomena involving time. The paper derives the global N-body geometry both analytically and geometrically, discussing angular momentum through explicit solutions and orbital effects. It also comments on the linearized approximation and the absence of a Newtonian limit. When a cosmological term is present, the curvature becomes constant, changing the situation significantly. The static N-body solution is derived using isotropic coordinates and transformed to curvature coordinates to exhibit global aspects. The metric is shown to be locally flat, with the one-body case reducing to a cone. The two-body solution is first obtained by a different argument, and a general geometrical treatment is given in Section V. The paper also discusses angular momentum, showing that a spinning source can be described by a "Kerr" solution. The angular momentum is related to the jump in the time coordinate, and the solution is shown to be consistent with the flat space metric. The paper concludes that the geometric approach provides a powerful way to understand the global and topological features of (2+1)-dimensional gravity. It suggests that quantization of angular momentum may correspond to quantization of time coordinate jumps, though the exact implications are not yet fully understood. The paper also notes that there is no Newtonian limit in three dimensions, and that the absence of a Newtonian correspondence is not a paradox, as it is not guaranteed a priori for Einstein theory.
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Understanding Three-dimensional Einstein gravity%3A Dynamics of flat space