Plants tolerate drought and salt stress through complex signaling pathways that restore cellular homeostasis and promote survival. Key transcription factors, such as bZIP, NAC, AP2/ERF, and MYB, regulate stress tolerance. Signaling pathways like SnRK2 and MAPK contribute to stress responses and plant growth. Environmental stresses cause ionic and osmotic imbalances, impaired photosynthesis, and redox imbalances. Recent research highlights the role of ROS in stress signaling, linking environmental sensing and redox status. ROS, while causing cellular damage, also play a signaling role in stress tolerance. ROS are involved in cross-talk between stress pathways, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and hormonal signaling. Plant hormones like ABA are central to stress signaling, with receptors like PYR/PYL/RCAR and GTG1/GTG2 mediating ABA responses. ABA signaling interacts with other hormones like gibberellins (GA) and jasmonates, influencing plant development and stress responses. Transcription factors such as NAC and WRKY regulate stress responses and are involved in ROS signaling. Lipid signaling also plays a crucial role in stress adaptation, with lipid-derived signals influencing membrane stability and stress responses. MAPK cascades are involved in stress signaling, linking environmental adversity to physiological responses. ROS signaling is essential for stress tolerance, with transcription factors like WRKY33 involved in ROS detoxification. Stomatal signaling is critical for drought and salt tolerance, with ABA and ROS regulating stomatal closure. Recent advances highlight the integration of signaling pathways in plant stress responses, emphasizing the importance of hub factors, MAPK, ROS, and lipid signaling in plant adaptation to abiotic stress. Understanding these networks provides insights for improving crop tolerance to environmental stresses.Plants tolerate drought and salt stress through complex signaling pathways that restore cellular homeostasis and promote survival. Key transcription factors, such as bZIP, NAC, AP2/ERF, and MYB, regulate stress tolerance. Signaling pathways like SnRK2 and MAPK contribute to stress responses and plant growth. Environmental stresses cause ionic and osmotic imbalances, impaired photosynthesis, and redox imbalances. Recent research highlights the role of ROS in stress signaling, linking environmental sensing and redox status. ROS, while causing cellular damage, also play a signaling role in stress tolerance. ROS are involved in cross-talk between stress pathways, such as abscisic acid (ABA) and hormonal signaling. Plant hormones like ABA are central to stress signaling, with receptors like PYR/PYL/RCAR and GTG1/GTG2 mediating ABA responses. ABA signaling interacts with other hormones like gibberellins (GA) and jasmonates, influencing plant development and stress responses. Transcription factors such as NAC and WRKY regulate stress responses and are involved in ROS signaling. Lipid signaling also plays a crucial role in stress adaptation, with lipid-derived signals influencing membrane stability and stress responses. MAPK cascades are involved in stress signaling, linking environmental adversity to physiological responses. ROS signaling is essential for stress tolerance, with transcription factors like WRKY33 involved in ROS detoxification. Stomatal signaling is critical for drought and salt tolerance, with ABA and ROS regulating stomatal closure. Recent advances highlight the integration of signaling pathways in plant stress responses, emphasizing the importance of hub factors, MAPK, ROS, and lipid signaling in plant adaptation to abiotic stress. Understanding these networks provides insights for improving crop tolerance to environmental stresses.