The article discusses the limitations of current psychiatric diagnostic systems, which rely on symptoms rather than neurobiological and behavioral dimensions. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) initiated the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project to develop a research classification system based on neurobiological and behavioral dimensions. RDoC aims to improve the understanding of mental disorders by focusing on fundamental biobehavioral dimensions that cut across current disorder categories. The project addresses challenges in developing a research classification system, such as construct validity and updating processes, and outlines seven key differences from current psychiatric nosologies. Current diagnostic systems, such as the DSM and ICD, are based on symptom clusters and have limitations in reflecting neurobiological and behavioral systems. RDoC proposes a more integrative approach that considers both behavioral functions and neural circuits. This approach emphasizes dimensional analysis of psychopathology, rather than categorical classifications. RDoC also aims to develop reliable and valid measures for fundamental components of mental disorders, and to create a flexible framework that can evolve with new research findings. The article highlights the need for a diagnostic system that reflects recent advances in genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science. RDoC is designed to provide a framework for research that can lead to more effective treatments for mental disorders. The project emphasizes the importance of integrating findings from various disciplines to improve the understanding and treatment of mental disorders. RDoC is not intended for clinical use but rather as a research tool to inform future diagnostic systems. The project aims to develop a dynamic framework that can adapt to new research findings and improve the accuracy of mental disorder diagnosis and treatment.The article discusses the limitations of current psychiatric diagnostic systems, which rely on symptoms rather than neurobiological and behavioral dimensions. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) initiated the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project to develop a research classification system based on neurobiological and behavioral dimensions. RDoC aims to improve the understanding of mental disorders by focusing on fundamental biobehavioral dimensions that cut across current disorder categories. The project addresses challenges in developing a research classification system, such as construct validity and updating processes, and outlines seven key differences from current psychiatric nosologies. Current diagnostic systems, such as the DSM and ICD, are based on symptom clusters and have limitations in reflecting neurobiological and behavioral systems. RDoC proposes a more integrative approach that considers both behavioral functions and neural circuits. This approach emphasizes dimensional analysis of psychopathology, rather than categorical classifications. RDoC also aims to develop reliable and valid measures for fundamental components of mental disorders, and to create a flexible framework that can evolve with new research findings. The article highlights the need for a diagnostic system that reflects recent advances in genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science. RDoC is designed to provide a framework for research that can lead to more effective treatments for mental disorders. The project emphasizes the importance of integrating findings from various disciplines to improve the understanding and treatment of mental disorders. RDoC is not intended for clinical use but rather as a research tool to inform future diagnostic systems. The project aims to develop a dynamic framework that can adapt to new research findings and improve the accuracy of mental disorder diagnosis and treatment.