Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening condition caused by toxin-producing strains of *Staphylococcus aureus* or *Streptococcus pyogenes*. It leads to rapid shock, multiple organ failure, and death due to superantigenic exotoxins that trigger widespread immune activation. The main superantigens involved are TSST-1, staphylococcal enterotoxins, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins. TSS can be menstrual (associated with tampon use) or nonmenstrual, often linked to surgical or soft tissue infections. Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, including fever, rash, and organ failure. Management involves early detection, source control, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care. TSS is a medical emergency requiring prompt intervention. Current treatments include antibiotics and, in some cases, intravenous immunoglobulin, though their efficacy remains under investigation. The literature on TSS is limited, with most studies being observational or in vitro. Further research is needed to improve understanding and treatment of TSS, including the role of microbiota and potential vaccines. Mortality rates vary between 5% for staphylococcal TSS and 14–64% for streptococcal TSS. Despite its rarity, TSS requires clinical awareness due to its severity and specific management needs.Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening condition caused by toxin-producing strains of *Staphylococcus aureus* or *Streptococcus pyogenes*. It leads to rapid shock, multiple organ failure, and death due to superantigenic exotoxins that trigger widespread immune activation. The main superantigens involved are TSST-1, staphylococcal enterotoxins, and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins. TSS can be menstrual (associated with tampon use) or nonmenstrual, often linked to surgical or soft tissue infections. Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, including fever, rash, and organ failure. Management involves early detection, source control, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care. TSS is a medical emergency requiring prompt intervention. Current treatments include antibiotics and, in some cases, intravenous immunoglobulin, though their efficacy remains under investigation. The literature on TSS is limited, with most studies being observational or in vitro. Further research is needed to improve understanding and treatment of TSS, including the role of microbiota and potential vaccines. Mortality rates vary between 5% for staphylococcal TSS and 14–64% for streptococcal TSS. Despite its rarity, TSS requires clinical awareness due to its severity and specific management needs.