This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the health effects of lead exposure, focusing on its impact on various organ systems and the mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. Lead poisoning is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries, despite various measures to control exposure. The article highlights the adverse effects of lead on the hematopoietic, renal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in these toxicological manifestations. Key therapeutic strategies, including chelation therapy and the use of antioxidants, are discussed, along with recent advances in nanoencapsulation technology to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of these treatments. The review also explores the protective roles of natural antioxidants such as vitamins (B6, B1, C, E), flavonoids (quercetin), and herbal extracts (garlic, curcumin, Centella asiatica) in mitigating lead-induced oxidative stress. The article concludes by discussing the potential of nanoencapsulation and liposomal drug delivery systems to enhance the therapeutic effects of antioxidants in treating lead toxicity.This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the health effects of lead exposure, focusing on its impact on various organ systems and the mechanisms involved in lead toxicity. Lead poisoning is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries, despite various measures to control exposure. The article highlights the adverse effects of lead on the hematopoietic, renal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress in these toxicological manifestations. Key therapeutic strategies, including chelation therapy and the use of antioxidants, are discussed, along with recent advances in nanoencapsulation technology to improve the bioavailability and efficacy of these treatments. The review also explores the protective roles of natural antioxidants such as vitamins (B6, B1, C, E), flavonoids (quercetin), and herbal extracts (garlic, curcumin, Centella asiatica) in mitigating lead-induced oxidative stress. The article concludes by discussing the potential of nanoencapsulation and liposomal drug delivery systems to enhance the therapeutic effects of antioxidants in treating lead toxicity.