Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, which are nematodes that complete their life cycle in dogs and cats. Humans are accidental hosts, and infection occurs when they ingest embryonated eggs from contaminated soil or infected animals. The larvae migrate through the body, causing damage to various organs, leading to two main clinical syndromes: visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM). VLM affects organs like the liver, lungs, and central nervous system, while OLM primarily affects the eye and optic nerve. Diagnosis involves immunological tests, and treatment typically includes albendazole. Epidemiologically, toxocariasis is widespread, particularly in children with pica, and is linked to environmental factors such as contaminated soil and the presence of stray animals. Preventive measures include controlling dog and cat feces, regular deworming, and reducing exposure to contaminated areas. Molecular studies highlight the parasite's ability to evade the immune system through antigenic variation and the development of molecular vaccines as a potential control strategy. Despite current efforts, toxocariasis remains a significant public health issue, requiring further research into effective prevention and treatment methods.Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, which are nematodes that complete their life cycle in dogs and cats. Humans are accidental hosts, and infection occurs when they ingest embryonated eggs from contaminated soil or infected animals. The larvae migrate through the body, causing damage to various organs, leading to two main clinical syndromes: visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM). VLM affects organs like the liver, lungs, and central nervous system, while OLM primarily affects the eye and optic nerve. Diagnosis involves immunological tests, and treatment typically includes albendazole. Epidemiologically, toxocariasis is widespread, particularly in children with pica, and is linked to environmental factors such as contaminated soil and the presence of stray animals. Preventive measures include controlling dog and cat feces, regular deworming, and reducing exposure to contaminated areas. Molecular studies highlight the parasite's ability to evade the immune system through antigenic variation and the development of molecular vaccines as a potential control strategy. Despite current efforts, toxocariasis remains a significant public health issue, requiring further research into effective prevention and treatment methods.