This paper examines the relationship between trade, economic growth, and the environment. It reviews both theoretical and empirical work to answer three key questions: (1) What is the relationship between trade, economic growth, and the environment? (2) How can this evidence help evaluate ongoing policy debates? (3) Where do we go from here? The paper argues that economic theory should play a larger role in guiding empirical research and policy analysis. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between the pollution haven effect and the pollution haven hypothesis. The paper also discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), which suggests an inverse-U shaped relationship between income and pollution. However, the paper is skeptical about the existence of a simple and predictable relationship between pollution and income. It also discusses the role of international trade in environmental outcomes, including the possibility of pollution relocation and the effects of trade liberalization. The paper concludes that more research is needed to better understand the trade, growth, and environment link.This paper examines the relationship between trade, economic growth, and the environment. It reviews both theoretical and empirical work to answer three key questions: (1) What is the relationship between trade, economic growth, and the environment? (2) How can this evidence help evaluate ongoing policy debates? (3) Where do we go from here? The paper argues that economic theory should play a larger role in guiding empirical research and policy analysis. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between the pollution haven effect and the pollution haven hypothesis. The paper also discusses the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), which suggests an inverse-U shaped relationship between income and pollution. However, the paper is skeptical about the existence of a simple and predictable relationship between pollution and income. It also discusses the role of international trade in environmental outcomes, including the possibility of pollution relocation and the effects of trade liberalization. The paper concludes that more research is needed to better understand the trade, growth, and environment link.