The article discusses the role of translational control in long-lasting synaptic plasticity and memory. It highlights that new protein synthesis is essential for long-term memory formation, and that translational control regulates both general and specific protein synthesis in response to neuronal activity. The review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms of translation, including the regulation of eIF2α phosphorylation, the mTOR signaling pathway, and the role of IRES and elongation factors in translation. It also discusses the importance of local protein synthesis in synaptic plasticity and memory, as well as the role of RNA-binding proteins and miRNAs in regulating translation. The study emphasizes the significance of translational control in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory, and its implications for neurological diseases.The article discusses the role of translational control in long-lasting synaptic plasticity and memory. It highlights that new protein synthesis is essential for long-term memory formation, and that translational control regulates both general and specific protein synthesis in response to neuronal activity. The review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms of translation, including the regulation of eIF2α phosphorylation, the mTOR signaling pathway, and the role of IRES and elongation factors in translation. It also discusses the importance of local protein synthesis in synaptic plasticity and memory, as well as the role of RNA-binding proteins and miRNAs in regulating translation. The study emphasizes the significance of translational control in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory, and its implications for neurological diseases.